Love and Everyday Life Theory Essay

Second, I center around my first love understanding and utilize the fluid love hypothesis of Bauman to break down, extra I will talk about why I have this relationship and how might I appreciate it from the hypothesis of Beck, U. what's more, Beck-Gernsheim, E. Third, I will show my ongoing genuine feeling circumstance and talk about the new types of affection with the hypothesis of Batchelor, S. Fourth, I will essentially examine the three outside affection and show the self-acknowledgment what I get from the three love encounters likewise with the hypothesis of Beck, U. what's more, Beck-Gernsheim, E. Before I show the procedure of my first love relationship, I examined that the motivation behind why I planned to begin a relationship is that my regular daily existence was so continuing exhausting and I didn't acknowledge a conviction like religion. Notwithstanding it, which is generally significant, I had no inclination about associating with others from any networks. In senior secondary school, the entirety of the thing I needed to or I essentially can do by concentrating in my regular daily existence. There are no clubs or exercises in my senior secondary school so as to let understudies center around concentrating with the goal that understudies can get a high evaluation in the Gaokao. Be that as it may, I had no enthusiasm for considering the exhausting and really futile information to manage the Gaokao. Sadly, I was managed to accomplish the task like the activities of widespread attraction ordinary life by instructors and my folks so I got no opportunity and time to get a touch with new thoughts and convictions about existence. Besides, I got less touch with my schoolmates which are the most essential network I had on the grounds that everybody is occupied on their contemplating. Moreover, I viewed the affection as the expectation and admiration because of abundant publicity from the media to a limited degree. As indicated by Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995), the progress from pre-present day society to current society quickened the item and individualization process, change the connection among individuals and cut individuals from their customary ties, convictions and social association and religion which are lead by the illumination and the modern upheaval. Be that as it may, with the evaporate of our confidence and liberated from the material which cause individuals to acknowledge more training and contemplate life, love is viewed as a succedaneum supplanting the gathering, turning into the expectation and romanticizing of individuals, and persuade and give themselves to it. Thus, it is demonstrated that the motivation behind why I decided to begin a relationship with a young lady isn't normally there risen a young lady I enjoyed, however I had no worth or convictions or networks to direct my exercises as indicated by this hypothesis. Originating from the contrary angle, after a period time, I began to diminish the time on study, and found that there were different young men like me who are not keen on considering, so we constructed a gathering to accomplish something together even cut a class. From that point onward, I dislike beginning a relationship unavoidably. Hence, this change likewise bolsters the hypothesis alludes to why individuals decide to adore from a contrary viewpoint. By and by, it is expressed by Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995), that separation figures are uncommon individuals who in adoration or marriage consistently grumble that why living respectively is so troublesome and why can’t keep a long and important love. With respect to this marvel, the fluid love hypothesis of Bauman may give a fitting clarification for it. At long last, I accept that for current youngsters, the craving they start an affection experience isn't just the impact of no convictions and no networks, yet in addition the promulgation impact of adoration for contemporary broad communications. Joining my most punctual love understanding and the hypothesis of fluid love, it is a normal fluid love. In the mid year after the Gaokao, I went to a vacation destination when I met my first sweetheart. I met her at an outside bar. We started by visiting and drinking, which are like the entire individuals to do in the bar. Partly, this conduct for me might be impacted by the media about what occurs in the bar and the earth around us. At that point we continued contacting with one another after that night. I remained in that place for a month and before the night I left, we are consented to begin a â€Å"relationship†. The â€Å"relationship† here is certifiably not a general relationship in the word reference since we both realized we were not in a similar city, same school and she was two years more established than me. Notwithstanding, we didn't make a dedication that there is an obligation between us. After that time and until we separated, we didn't see each other any longer. So the most crucial thing is all the methodologies we kept contact with are the Internet and the cell phone. We sent messages and visit on video consistently. The discussion content is generalized about regular day to day existence in school, and it is unimportant with responsibility. This circumstance keeps going two months and winds up on a meet which may lead us to separate. I went to her site and saw her on a vacation and it is befuddled that we can converse with one another fluidly however at that day there were a hinder isolating our discussion. I imagine that the block fears duty. After that meet, we separated. It is demonstrated that this sort of affection is characterized as the fluid love in the fluid current society (Lee, 2003). To characterize fluid love, fluid society should be presented. Fluid advancement is proposed by Bauman (2003) that all types of social development are rootless and the entirety of the customary thoughts are demolished not to be tough inferable from the product in fluid innovation society. What's more, in this general public some purportedly fixed and indestructible ties of family, class, religion, marriage and maybe even love aren’t as solid or as attractive as they were. Bauman quotes,† In a customer culture like our own, which favors items prepared for moment use, convenient solutions, prompt fulfillment, results requiring no extended exertion, idiot proof plans, all-chance protection and cash back guarantees†. It is summed up that the worth and thought individuals own is impacted by the business reason in light of the fact that with the exception of it social pecking orders don't shape in a split second other society force or convictions particularly in entrepreneur society which called †liquid life†. So while focusing on shoppers acknowledged the worth planned by promoting techniques, the worth is just successful for a brief period, never broadened term in light of the fact that the showcasing procedures are fleeting and consistently change. Regular day to day existence today is loaded up with components of fluid, the vast majority can’t dismiss its fluid trademark. Have the spot where I meet the young lady, the promoting systems in bar are empowering individuals meet suddenly and building up the questionable association. I was affected by it and the earth so I decided to talk with a young lady not on the grounds that I like her to such an extent. In addition, love is viewed as a customer products which should be yielding like any additional merchandise individuals devour. Individuals give themselves the proper rights to devour love, something must be given shoppers simply like desire from further buys. That’s a factor why we separate. I expect my merchandise can be novel, different and dispensable, If my adoration can’t fulfill my requirement for the variables when we get and use the products, I will forsake this products. In a word, the most central components like families, love and sex are complying with monetary standards, notwithstanding the item of affection, the most huge character recognized from conventional love in fluid love is that individuals fear accepting the obligations however they likewise appreciate the upsides of a connections. The exemplify of guiding of the duties isn't setting out to make a coupling duty and utilize the †being connected† to supplant the relationship. Despite the fact that it is questionable whether the correspondence advancements like the Internet and cell phone encourage the less duties relationship and offer a methodology for individuals who would prefer not to invest in accomplish a web connections or that develops is profited by correspondence advances, It is certain that individuals are happy to acknowledge to be a piece of the correspondence advances system to maintain a strategic distance from the obligations. The main instruments I used to keep contact with that young lady is correspondence advances which may offer me more creative mind so we can lessen the quality and amount in our correspondence, after all it is unimaginable that I meet her regular however simply talk about the subtleties throughout everyday life and not allude to the future and obligations of our adoration. After the separation, I can chattered into cell phones, addictively messaged and jumped between sorts of visit room, erased a date which composed for my ex without torment. It is summed up that we quickly feel a feeling of having a place, such as buying, I picked her so she is have a place with me. From brain research, Bauman (2003) closes the duality of fluid love, that is, less duties as a parity issue of opportunity and security as indicated by Freud. It additionally affirms the hypothesis of Beck, U. also, Beck-Gernsheim, E, I start an adoration since I need to discover a security to make up the absence of networks, nonetheless, I picked the fluid love since I need to be liberated from a relationship. What's more, toward the finish of this experience, I discovered he indication of separation, so I expanded the hour of video talk and went to her site to see her so as to fix the relationship. By the by, the contrary outcome showed what Bauman composes. † endeavors to tame the wayward and tame the wild, to make the mysterious unsurprising and enchain the free-meandering †every single such thing sound the demise toll to love†. At last, it is identified with a definition issue that is what is love, the boldness to take an interest all the while or the procedure makes us excellent. Accept my experience as a model, My part inspiration of being along with the young lady is the young lady is wonderful and shrewd so that after I can advance my

Liberal Arts Essay Thesis Example For Students

Aesthetic Sciences Essay Thesis The Value of Liberal Arts Liberal Arts can be characterized as the investigation Of general information, humanities, expressive arts, normal science and sociology, rather than specialized examinations. These subjects are viewed as fundamental for individuals in the public eye. A Liberal Arts instruction is significant in light of the fact that it is scholarly, shows you how to think, and elevates innovativeness. Contemplating Liberal Arts Will upgrade my aptitudes and Will form me into a balanced individual with a Nursing profession. In contrast to most expert examinations with an emphasis on profession objectives, Liberal Art gets ready at understudy for this present reality. Most understudies don't know about the significance and estimation of a Liberal Arts instruction. Courses like English, History, Psychology, Philosophy, and Christianity shows you how to compose and comprehend. It gives you a superior comprehension of the world and improves your relational abilities. With such an assortment understudies will be increasingly unequivocal about thoughts, convictions, issues, and decisions, This will set them up for the quandaries they will look on the planet. Advanced education isn't about essentially getting a decent line of work after graduation. A liberal school gives you esteems and principles that will cosmetics a superior individual. With a nursing significant will require the relational abilities that a Liberal Arts instruction will give, This will assist me with associating better with my patients and colleagues and get contrasts. Working in a nursing home or emergency clinic I will encounter various individuals and convictions. I have a few abilities, however an instruction with an assortment will give me a favorable position over attendants with a fundamental 2-year degree that is vocation orientated. I decipher it as HAJJ giving me an establishment. Nursing pre-imperatives simultaneous with Liberal Arts pre-essential gives me venturing stones into the nursing program. Sick addition more information thusly and once enter the program Will be even. A portion Of my colleagues believe that the pre-essentials are more diligently than the genuine program in light of the assortment, yet oppose this idea. A portion Of my secondary school colleagues needed to go to HUB_I yet were discouraged in light of the Liberal Arts and Christianity necessities. They felt parties like assembly and book of scriptures considers were superfluous and exhausting, yet they assist you with growing better ethics and order. They will come up short on these highlights that will have. Liberal investigations require to be imaginative and consider some fresh possibilities. Administrators t the random temp jobs I have had come up short on those highlights, and that is the reason they were awful businesses. A liberal school gives understudies a littler picking up setting which empowers us to create associations with educators and understudies. Its obviously superior to a significant that is carefully pre-prescription or pre-drug store, Its altogether different from a non-liberal school. It creates connections between the educators and understudies. This is inconceivable at a school with over a hundred thousand understudies. I not mindful of how liberal this school was until my SOAR direction. Courses like Philosophy and Psychology can be applied to life, In my conclusion, secondary school assn sufficiently liberal. My companions and would end up asking, Men would we say we are going to utilize this stuff? What's more, Why dont they encourage us stuff that is helpful? Where would we be able to apply science if were onto Chemist? Express gratitude toward GOD for carrying me to HOBBLE_ When graduate realize will be solid and steady for the world. The clinical field is an upsetting vocation. You truly must be balanced in light of the fact that you are managing individuals. As a medical attendant you need to comprehend your pat ients particularly when you are in a nursing home. In general, am truly getting a charge out of this experience. Propensity has this soul that causes me to feel extraordinary.

Assess And Respond To Individuals At Risk Of Suicide Case Study

Assess And Respond To Individuals At Risk Of Suicide Case Study Assess And Respond To Individuals At Risk Of Suicide â€" Case Study Example > Kevin’s case According to Kevin’s case, there are several factors that may lead him into committing suicide. The experiences that he has gone through in his life put him at a risk of committing suicide. For example, he has a mother who is an alcoholic and is an addict of other drugs, his biological father was a violent man who left them at an early age, and his parents never had any permanent employment and moved about more often which is a clear indication that the family had a financial problem. When his biological father left, Kevin and his siblings were left to tend themselves at a very early age and his mother brought in a boyfriend who was physically and emotionally threatening towards them. The fact that he has a low self esteem also puts him at a great risk of committing suicide. His alcohol and drug abuse is also a factor that puts him at risk of committing suicide, he also cannot be obtain and keep any form of employment for a given length of time. On top of all the experiences that Kevin has gone through, he feels helpless and hopeless which has led him to voice a desire of ending it all. Having considered all the above that Kevin has gone through in his life, my assessment of his case will be that he considers suicide as the only way out of his problems. In order to reduce the risk of Kevin committing suicide and increase his safety, I will have to deal with all the problems and negative feelings that he holds which give him a desire to commit suicide. For example, Kevin has a problem with his self esteem. I will have to deal with it first before dealing with his other problems that put him at a risk of committing suicide. He has to accept himself as a human being who is special just like everybody else. His educational level does not really matter because he can still do a lot of good for himself without necessary having a high level of education. The only way to do help him get over with his self esteem issues is by taking to him and by c ounseling him. He has to realize that he is still an important human being and that there are people who still need him and who still appreciate him even though his level of education is low. After dealing with his self esteem, the next thing will be to help him get over his drug and alcohol problem. The drugs and alcohol are responsible for giving him the courage of trying to commit suicide. He will have to go through a rehabilitation program which will help him in getting over the drug and alcohol addiction. Once the drug problem is dealt with, then his relationship with his family has to be the next on line. It will be easy for him to accept his family and try to help it get over the problems that it is experiencing after he has dealt with his self esteem and drug abuse problem. The family will also provide Kevin with the much desired love, appreciation, encouragement and understanding which will further help him in dealing with his low self esteem and as a result he will not h ave an excuse of getting back into his habits of abusing drugs and alcohol. At the end of it all, the risks of him harming himself through suicide will have been completely eliminated and as a result his safety will have been increased.

Hurricane Katrin The United States - 6790 Words

In late August of 2005, Hurricane Katrina descended on the Gulf Coast of the United States, forever altering millions of lives. The category 5 hurricane became the third largest storm to hit the United States. It caused $150 billion in property damages (not including the destruction of the New Orleans levees) making it the costliest hurricane in United States History. In the immediate aftermath of the storm, the United States Coast Guard rescued over 34,000 people in New Orleans alone. Others were saved only by the bravery and kindness of their neighbors. Despite these heroic efforts, this catastrophe still killed 1,836 people. Another 700 people are still missing 10 years later (â€Å"Hurricane Katrina†, 2015). Before the storm hit,†¦show more content†¦The country looked towards New Orleans in pity and disgust. The city was falling apart simply because disaster response organizations (namely FEMA) were not adequately responding to the disaster. Critics claim that the government’s mismanagement of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is to blame for the disappointing relief efforts. FEMA has been accused of taking too long to act and then for not even having a plan of action. Many people agree that the agency had no idea of just how much damage the storm caused and failed to accurately prepare for such a catastrophe (â€Å"Hurricane Katrina†, 2015). Senator Joseph Liberman stated, â€Å"’Government failures preparing for and responding to Hurricane Katrina allowed much more human suffering and property destruction to occur than should have. That is the sad and stunning fact’† (Shoup, 2005). Local officials accused FEMA of inadequate communication practices and lack of leadership. The Louisiana Governor complained saying, â€Å"’we wanted helicopters, food and water. They wanted to negotiate an organizational chart’† (Shoup, 2005). There were even †Å"reports of FEMA turning down personnel and supplies offered by police forces and emergency crews† (Shoup, 2005). The director of the agency, Michael Brown came under a lot of fire for his execution of the relief efforts. His defense was simple: â€Å"no one could have prepared for the extent of the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina and the ensuing flooding of New

The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Essay

Is societies violence the medias fault? This is the question that has been asked since before television was in every Americans house. Of course there are the different types of media today ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There have been arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studies conducted. Unfortunately there isnt one single result, there is only an array of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointing to a different scapegoat for societys violence. I come from a country Â… that puts a lot of American movies on and has more graphic violence within its live drama on the BBC than anywhere else, and there is a lot less violence in the United Kingdom†¦show more content†¦It is notable to see that some of these theories were stated as early as 1961. Most would have to disagree with these theories just because of the age of their births, but to most peoples surprise they still hold in the 21st century. The arousal theory is basically self-explanatory. This was theorized by P.H. Tannenbaum in 1975. He said exposure to television violence increases aggression because violence increases excitation, or arouses viewers (Tannenbaum Zillman, 1975). This is also being found in the recent studies, which shows the progression in the medias will to change.The social learning theory was described by Dr. Bandura. This theory says ways of behaving are learned by observing others, and that this is a major means by which children acquire unfamiliar behavior, although performance of acquired behavior will depend at least in part on factors other than acquisition (Bandura, 1973). A perfect example of this theory was when the murders occurred after the prizefights.The disinhibition hypothesis was L. Berkowitzs investigation. This hypothesis explains that television violence in certain circumstances will result in increased interpersonal aggression because it weakens inhibitions agains t such behavior (Berkowitz, 1962).The final theory, catharsis hypothesis was written by S. Feshbach. This theory explains that under certain conditions exposure to television violence will reduceShow MoreRelatedMedia Violence And Its Effects On Today s Society2184 Words   |  9 Pages Media violence, in some cases, can be a real issue in today s society. However, we can not blame all of the reality violence on media portrayals. Media violence is just as it sounds, the art of violence through media. The official definition of media violence is visual portrayals of acts of physical aggression by one human or human-like character against another (L. RowellHuesmann). As there are many things that can promote violence in today s world, this could be part of the reason that whatRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects On Today s Society2168 Words   |  9 PagesEssay Two Media violence, in some cases, can be a real issue in today s society. However, we can not blame all of the reality violence on media portrayals. Media Violence is just as it sounds, the art of violence through media. (1)The official definition of media violence is visual portrayals of acts of physical aggression by one human or human-like character against another. As there are many things that can promote violence in the world we live in today, this could be part of the reason thatRead More The Effects Of Violence In Media On Society Today Essay2224 Words   |  9 Pages Is societies violence the media’s fault? This is the question that has been asked since before television was in every American’s house. Of course there are the different types of media today ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There have been arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studies conducted. Unfortunately there isn’t one single result, there is only an array of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointingRead MoreMedia Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesOGarro Media and Society Professor Stephanie Morrow Media portrayal of sex and violence between today and my past. Media is a mode of communication which acts to be a link between the people in today’s society. There were many different issues presented between today and earlier days in the case of media portrayal of sex and violence. Today the media represents the stories of sex and violence in every single newspaper, video, radio and channels as opposed to the past, the media was consideredRead More Media Violence and Its Effects Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout decades, media have became one of the most powerful weapons in the world. As time passed, more and more varieties of media were shown, like television, magazines, and internet. From reporting the news to persuading us to buy certain products, media became the only connection between people and the world. But violence in media is shown everywhere, it is hard to turn on your media source and not find violence displayed on the screen, no matter its television, internet, print media, or even radioRead MoreViolent Media Is G ood For Kids1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of violent media, some of us would readily agree it’s a controversial subject as to whether kids should or shouldn’t be exposed to it. This is because many children who view violent media react negatively rather than not being affected at all. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of what effects does it have on children. Whereas some are convinced that it is a healthy alternative for kids to express themselves, others maintain that it causes kidsRead More Media Stereotyping of Men and Women Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout society, men and women have been expected to live by guidelines consisting of media generated ideas and ways of living out life. Both men and women’s thinking process are being altered the negative effects of society’s mass media. For both sexes, this repeating negative exposure causes a constant downfall in self-image and creates media influenced decisions that lead to unhealthy lifestyles. The media effects the thinking process of both men and women in negative ways therefore media needsRead MoreMedias Influence of Society Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pageswon’t get reception and your computer wouldn’t turn on. You’ve lost your music, your favorite TV show, your Facebook and lots more. As you can see the media is very important and popular. The media has been a popular creation throughout the decades. As time passed the media develops from magazines to the television to the internet. The media in our society is everywhere. We see it everywhere from the time we wake up until we go to sleep. We wake up, eat breakfast then we turn on the television or readRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Media Violence In The Media754 Words   |  4 Pagesabout violence portrayed in the media, I noticed that many violent images in the media such as movies, videogames, and music have inspired people to commit large amounts of violent acts, such as committing assaults and murders. It is proven that children can he affected by the violence in media, when they are at a small age. When adults, some can be more aggressive than others, and some may commit more crimes than others. Over 1,000 case studies have proven that media violence can haveRead Moreexample of informative speech outline Essay examples899 Words   |  4 PagesOUTLINE Informative Outline Topic: Impact of Media in the Society and Individual General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the negative impact of social media in the society and to the individual. Thesis: Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Today, just about everyone depends on information and communication

Internet as a Learning Tool Free Essays

string(57) " attitudes towards internet based on various parameters\." International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 INTERNET AS LEARNING TOOL: INDIAN ENGINEERING STUDENT’S PERCEPTION Vandana Sharma [1], Rishu Chhabra[2] 1 2 Education Research, Infosys Technologies Limited, Mysore, Karnataka, India Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chitkara University, Punjab, India, ABSTRACT Our global economy now relies on brainpower and innovation rather than manual labor and raw material as a generator of wealth and good education has become the key part in shaping the success of the countries. Over the last decade, t h e I T revolution has brought in advancement that shows increasingly visible effects on the education with the birth of online education. First student community realized the effect of the internet on their education. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet as a Learning Tool or any similar topic only for you Order Now Invention of internet has removed all the barriers to learning. The scope of this paper is to analyze the north Indian engineering student’s perception about internet as learning tool effects of internet on them in perspective of their relations, education, entertainment and and socialization. Technology can have both positive and negative consequences on people in different walks of life at different times. Now necessity is to understand the true impact of it so that everybody gathers benefits that yield a healthy mind. In this paper, with the help of an empirical study it was inspected that whether the contacts via e- mail, online chatting and availability of information through Internet would lead our students in a better learned and connected individual. Study also examines the kind of learning mode students prefer. These issues are discovered in detail and suitable solutions are proposed to counter the negative effects of internet on students. Keyword: Internet, education, learning tool INTRODUCTION Internet is a tool for the improvement of learning. A textbook which was a traditional learning tool are now out of date as internet moves quickly and provides updated information and includes a wide variety of International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 international sources. Now learning has a greater reliance on information acquired from the internet rather than from textbooks. Dependence on this tool has increased exponentially and unbelievably. Social, geographical, economical barriers are disappearing as students interact worldwide. The technological revolution has a faster and deeper impact on more and more lives. This has further increased with the improvement of technology. Venkatesh [1] surveyed in his paper that all technologies create an impact of s o m e k i n d . For example, the television technology has had an influence on the media habits of the public, their attitudes and behavior towards entertainment and the interaction between family members. Cole [2] assessed the requisite of Internet as a mainstream medium t h a t m a y s o o n b e a s prevalent a s television although pace of its diffusion seems much faster. Kraut e t al [3] conducted a longitudinal study on the effects of Internet on social involvement and psychological well-being. Their findings show that the greater use of the Internet was significantly related with decreased community within the family, a decrease in local social network and loneliness and depression. In a report of SIQSS, [4] N. Nie has also continued with the negative consequences of the Internet that are similar with the outcomes of the Kraut group. Katz and Aspden [5] made a survey using 2500 respondents, 8 percent of them were Internet users. Comparing users with non-users, they establish no evidence t h a t t h e u s e o f i nternet reduces people’s membership in social and religious organizations. Among users, more use of the Internet was related with additional contact with family members and an increased involvement in online communities. This survey contradicts the discoveries presented in [4] and [5]. Wellman [6] made a survey on â€Å"the National Geographic Society website† and came out wi t h t h e s u g g es t i o ns t hat t h e I n t er n e t can be used for increasing interpersonal connectivity and organizational involvement. Not only can expose people to more inf ormation and more contacts, it can reduce commitment to community. However, this increased connectivity and involvement. In 2009 there were nearly 81,000,000 users of internet in India. There are many studies available at global level about the impact of internet on students but studies about Indian engineering students are not available. INTERNET IN EDUCATION There are number of main advantages of using internet for education [7] A . Flexibility and Variety The flexibility of the internet is possibly the greatest advantage for online education. Websites, interactive activities, lecture notes, videoconferencing, webinars, chartrooms, and blogs, online education students and their educators can interact in ways that are already known to them. Internet provides user friendly interface International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 to user and new users also feel more comfortable with time B. Ease and Low Cost of Access Internet has defeated the distance barrier for learning. Students need not to move to gain knowledge. It has become easy and affordable for everyone from a rural area student to a working professional. For the purpose of interactive courses and videoconferencing rural students are facing problem and this still requires attention C. Ease and Low Cost of Setting Information Online Email, chat and interactive online meeting has become new way of learning. Information regarding a course is all available online. This is not only accessible but is affordable for institutes also. Records are available for 24X7 for any time use. D. Ease of Updating Information Online Information updation is easier than revising a textbook. Results can be displayed just after an exam. A new course is easy to add. New research or finding can become part of syllabus instantly. In [8] Aytekin ISMAN, Fahme DABAJ studied students-teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards internet based on various parameters. You read "Internet as a Learning Tool" in category "Essay examples" It was concluded that at education cycle of students concentrate more to learn internet alternatives and functions for getting great positive benefit their future life by adapting contemporary trends. In [9] Hong etal studied . Students’ attitudes toward the use of the Internet for it is important that students should b e exposed learning at a university in Malaysia and showed that to this web based learning so that they could get benefit from Web-based courses and Web-assisted conducted in their field of specialization by the various departments. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this research was to collect information about the impact of internet on learning of engineering students. This study is directed to answer following questions: †¢ †¢ †¢ What is the attitude of students towards using internet for their course contents? Do the students prefer using internet over books? Does internet builds confidence in students by helping them in presentations etc.? METHODOLOGY The research instrument in this study was a questionnaire. There were total of 20 questions in this questionnaire each with five selections of response from â€Å"Strongly Agree† to Strongly Disagree†. Questions were divided into four categories. In first category questions were framed to measure student’s attitude toward International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 he use of internet for their course purpose. Sample question for this category is â€Å"With the help of internet I am able to collect more study material â€Å". Second category asks students about their preference of internet over books. Sample question for this statement is â€Å"For study purpose I prefer spending time on internet surfing rather sitting in a library â€Å". Third category measures the student’s attitude for internet as a tool of confidence builder. Sample question is â€Å"Internet has boosted my confidence as I am able to present my reports, seminars etc. n better wayâ€Å". In the last category miscellaneous questions were asked to get student opinion about group learning through internet using blogs and discussion forums, their time spent on internet etc. As all students were engineering students, questions were not asked to measure their basic knowledge and skills of the internet. Population under investigation included 100 students of Computer Science Engineering of a Wifi enabled engineering institute campus. All students use Laptop and Internet on daily basis. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Student’s attitude towards using internet for their syllabi There were four questions under this category. For each statement responses were coded 2 for â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"No opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement ranges from 8 to 20. Scores from 8-10, 12-16 and 17-20 were classified as having â€Å"negative† ,†neutral† and â€Å"Positive† attitude towards the use of internet for learning. Table 1 shows the result. Table1. Student’s attitude towards using internet for learning. Scores 8-10 12-16 17-20 Attitude Negative Neutral Positive Frequency 2 58 40 B. Student’s preference of internet for study material over the books For each statement responses were coded for 2 â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"No opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement range from 10 to 21. Scores from 10-14, 1517 and 18-21 were classified as â€Å"do not prefer using internet â€Å",†no preference† and â€Å"prefer use of internet† over books. Table 2 shows the result of student’s preference of internet over books International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 Table2. Student’s preference of internet over books Scores 10-14 15-17 18-21 Preference Frequency Do not 15 Prefer No 48 preference 37 Prefer C. Student’s attitude towards internet as a confidence builder For each statement responses were coded 2 for â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"no opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement range from 2 to 10. Scores from 2-4, 5-7 and 810 were classified as having â€Å"Negative â€Å",†Neutral† and â€Å"Positive† attitudes towards the use of internet for learning. Table 3 shows the attitude of students toward internet as confidence builder. Table3. Student’s attitude towards internet as a confidence builder. Scores 2-4 5-7 8-10 Attitude Negative Neutral Positive Frequency 11 31 58 Despite of the fact that the students in this survey were from computer science engineering stream half of the students find it difficult to understand all the terms on WebPages. 90% students spend 1-5 hours on internet. 66% students use blogs and discussion forum for the solution to their technical problems. Only 8% students disagree that internet can be helpful in group learning. 79% students consider that mixture of online course and classroom course will be better for learning process. 84% students feel that internet helpful to prepare them for examination. 71% students do not find internet adding to laziness. 51 % students believe that the use of internet has decreased the verbal communications among themselves. Internet has positive impact on learning domain but has negative impact on social aspects of a student’s personality. Though students realize this they should indulge more in social interactions and activities. Institutes should hold seminars time to time to make students aware about the importance of internet as learning tool. Institutes should encourage group learning through internet and should promote the use of blogs for learning purpose. Courses should be designed in blended format of classroom and online teaching. As result of this survey showed that more Indian students are opting online books as compare to paper book so use of online book International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 reading devices should be promoted. The use of such devices is user friendly. CONCLUSION In this paper result of the survey of use of internet as learning tool by engineering student has been presented. Engineering students are using computer and internet on daily basis. Maximum students find internet a very useful tool for their studies. Students prefer online books and study material. They find internet helpful to boost their confidence for presentations and reports. Engineering institutes should promote the use of internet as a learning tool and should provide infrastructure to facilitate the students. Students also feel that excess use of internet may cause some socialization problems. REFERENCES [1] A. Venkatesh, A c onceptualization of Household/Technology Interactions, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 12, 189-194, 1985. [2] J. I. Cole, The Impact of the Internet on Our Social,Political and Economic Life, The UCCLA Center for communication Policy, 2000. [3] R. Kraut, M. Patterosn, V. undmark, S. Keisler, T. Mukophadhyay and W. Scherlis, Internet Paradox: being? , a Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and PsychologicalWell53(9),1998a. American Psychologist, [4] N. Nie, Study of social Consequences of the Internet, Stanford Institute of the Quantitative Study of Society (SIQSS), 2000. [5] J. Katz, and P. Aspden, Motivations for and Barriers to Internet Usage: Results of a national publicopinion survey,Internet Research-Electronic 170, 1997. [6] B. Wellman, A. Q. Haase, J. Witte, K. Hampton, Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital? Social Networks,Participation, and Community Commitment, The Internet in Everyday Life, American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 437-456, 2001. [7]http://www. college-university- directory. com/internet_1. html [8] Aytekin ISMAN, Fahme DABAJ, Attitudes of Students Towards Internet,Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE October 2004 ISSN 1302-6488 ,5 (4) [9] Kian-Sam Hong, Abang Ahmad Ridzuan , Ming-Koon Kuek , Students’ attitudes toward the use of the Internet for learning: A study at a university in Malaysia. networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 7(3), How to cite Internet as a Learning Tool, Essay examples

Mineral Resource And Ore Reserve Estimation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mineral Resource And Ore Reserve Estimation? Answer: Introduction Business strategy sets out for achieving desired objective. It is defined as a long term business planning. A business approach generally covers a period of around 3-5 years and at times even longer. BHP Billiton is one of the greatest leading resources Company. This company extract and process minerals, oil and gas, and more than 60,000 workers and contractors works in Australia and America. This company product is sold worldwide, sailing and marketing led through Houston, Singapore and United States. BHP Billiton headquarters are in Melbourne, Australia. This firm operate a dual listed firm structure with two parent firms, first is BHP Billiton Limited and second is BHP Billiton Plc. The approach of this corporation is to own and operate large, long life, low cost, upstream assets diversified by commodity, market and geography. This report will demonstrate the current business strategy of BHP Billiton, internal external analysis of BHP Billiton and its competitive advantage. Competitive advantage of BHP Billiton As Chinas growing retreats from exponential to desirable, with service prices following suit, geology and geography is not sufficient to assurance the on-going growing of Australia. If Australia want to give fresh jobs with great pay scale and some prospects will be beneficial for the youngsters, then they should address the states output challenges. There are some reasons, due to which the productivity in Australia has deteriorated in some industry as they are unable to participate efficiently in the world-wide market. A punier Australian dollar gives short-term release which is not sufficient (Alam and Majumdar, 2011). The fundamentals needs to be examined which support productivity, development of talents and the skill of the people of the company which is the most essential resource of all; the roads, rails and harbour organisation to make the company an effective interchange nation and incentivising and upgrading the skill and innovative ideas to give extra production today and give a provision to the job for tomorrow. The pains are very crucial to increase the output, which will help in organising the capital required to implement new resources and to apply some new technology (Grant et al., 2013). The flow of capital to investment opportunities will be smooth in Australia, if they can be able to make the stability between risks and arrival right. To attract new principal, the most important factor is to make sure that they have a modest taxation command globally which means they want to have a good tax rate and a proper scheme which is created from the values of simplicity, constancy, transparency, sustainability and fairness (Barbash and Roye, n.d.). A debate which has been informed before, as how to improve the tax system, based on the principles and also needed to have an appreciation of todays worldwide reality. This discussion should identify the main role of tax locations which it plays, to expand the growth and productivity and BHP Billiton als o want to take part in the discussion. The economy of BHP Billiton make the influence to Australia of around A$27 billion last year by the expenses given to suppliers, earnings and the benefits of the employee, taxes and monarchs, dividends. BHP Billiton is the countrys largest tax payer. Trends in Australian steel manufacturing Industry The steel manufacturing industry in Australia has gone through some major failures from the last five years. Industry revenue is likely to fall in an annual rate4 of 8.5% from last five years in 2016-17 to $9.1 billion. This makes an expected decline of 7.9% in the present year. The falling down of demands from the markets going downwards has driven industry failures (Hubbard and Moore, 2012). To be precise, the activity of falling from downstream of mining and manufacturing industries has decreased the demands for the products of the industry. To add in it, low cost of steel and the competition of the import markets has put lots of pressure on the operators of the industry by the help of low cost and decreased demands, with many individuals reducing the production from a long period. The steel industry is relatively capital-intensive (Edwards, 2014). For each and every dollar spent on cost of capital, approximately $3.77 has been spent on wages. The capital strength of differs with the size of the operators of the industry, as more benefits of the firm from the economic scale and more demanding regarding capital, whereas some smaller operators are labour oriented with the high cost of wages in relation to depreciation. In spite of this, high expenses of capital on equipment and machines which is needed to operate in the industry. Capital tool like electric arc furnaces, blast furnaces, charging buckets and machines used for casting are very costly and can be modified to a great extent (Grant et al., 2013). To run the operation, labours with high skill is required to control the machines and the tools of the industry, which makes the expenditure high in the cost of wages. Figure 1: Australian exchange rates in terms of trade Source: (Anderson, 2017) From the above graph, it can clearly be identified that there has been a fall in in the exchange rate in in Australias terms of trade. The decline has continued into 2016, as the terms of trade has dipping to 80.5 in the June quarter of 2016, which is the lowest level in the decade. Figure 2: Business Investment by Industry, June 2006 to June 2016 Source: (Anderson, 2017) The following data is the real trend data of the business investment in Australia. It can be clearly identified from the above graph that there has been continuation in the falling of the business investment mainly in mining. Business Investment in mining was $54.2 in 205-26, whereas it was $74.8 billion in 2014-15. This clearly indicates a drop of 29.9 per cent(Anderson, 2017). The future business investment and its impact on the domestic economy is still a concern for Australia. As per the Trading Economics global macro models and analysts expectation the production of steel in Australia is expected to be 450.59 thousand tonnes within the end of this quarter. Looking towards the future, it has been estimated that the production of steel in Australia will stand at 453.63 with 12 months times. It has been analysed that the production of steel in Australia is estimated to trend about 453.69 thousand tonnes in the year 2020 as per the econometric models. Current business strategy of BHP Billiton in Australia The policy of this business is to own and run large, long life, low cost, upstream properties spread by commodity, market and geography. This firm have an easy and diverse portfolio of tier one assets about the world, with low cost options for future development and creating new values (Grant et al., 2013). This applies values and culture, emphasise security and productivity, deploy technology and exert capital discipline for extracting the most value and the maximum returns from the assets. Its effective model allows leveraging expertise across its business, with multifunctional terms expertise across the group for sharing best practice, make harmless and focus on solving problems together. Its producers are over the world top producer of major commodities involving iron ore, metallurgical coal and cooper. This company also have substantial interests in production on oil, energy coal and gas. Plan of the company to grow value Consistent with company strategy, it has a plan to develop the value of BHP. This plan is focused on six important parts: Cost efficiencies- focused on more gains Latent capacity- smart returns, normal risk Major projects- timed for value and revenues Exploration- progressive result reduce risk future wells Technology- develop security, minimum cost and unlocks resource Onshore- value and flexibility Capital management The aim of company capital allocation framework is to maximise the potential value of every dollar earn for company shareholder. Swot analysis of BHP Billiton is: Strength: BHP Billiton is one of the largest resources companies. This firm supplies many capitals including copper, uranium, lead and silver etc. it also crops Iron ore, metallurgical coal and manganese in Australia, South Africa and Brazil. This corporation provides thermal coal which is very useful and it is used in the electric power generation and general industry anxieties. This company has shown strong financial returns to its stakeholders (Grant et al., 2013). The profitability ratios show a strong hold on the market. BHP Billiton operates crossways eight countries in Australia, South Africa, the USA and South America. So it has increased the global image of the nation. In case of market capitalization, it is the largest company. This increases the trust of its investors towards the firm. This firm is involved in many CSR activities which has increased the image of the company. These are the strengths of the company. Weakness: The firm is facing many restrictions by the rule of the land. These rules and regulations include increasing traffic organisation standards and to suspend all the work which is non- essential outside sunshine hours. These have compact the efficiency of many events (Anon, 2017). Communication system of the company is one of the main faintness of the company. One of the ways for growing is to collaborate. Opportunities: So there are many opportunities for Bill Billiton to raise in size by unions and attainments. This company may obtain related small firms. This company increase a competitive control in terms of social and also in non-human capitals. The monetary condition of the company and general reliability may be broken for expanding the current operations. It may co-operate with the local competitors there for growing. This will increase the image of the firm in many nations. In this modest world, it is essential to continuously discover in order to endure (Bhp.com, 2017). So proper marketing through effective channels is very necessary for growing in this company. Threats: The BHP Billiton is fronting rivalry from many administrations like Anglo American plc, ExxonMobil Corporation, and Nippon Corporation etc. This may be the major threat in the upcoming centuries. The cost of the raw supplies which is used by the firm is growing at a very fast rate. This will increase the production cost which results to increase the general success. External analysis of Bill Billiton The PESTEL analysis of Bill Billiton is strategic tool for analysing the macro environment. PESTEL analysis stands for radical, Economic, Social, Technological, Ecological and lawful factors which impact the instruction environment of Bill Billiton. Political factors: Political factors play an important role to determine the factors which may impact the long term profitability of BHP Billiton in a country or in market (Bhp.com, 2017). This company is operating in industrial metals and minerals in many countries. BHP Billiton analyse some factors before exploiting in a market. Governmental solidity and importance of metals and minerals in economy of the country Legal framework Level of corruption Business regulations Employees benefits Tax rates and incentives Anti-trust laws related to industrial metals and minerals. Economic factors The factors of macro environment like inflation rates, saving rates, interest rate, and foreign exchange rates regulate the demand and asset in an economy (Anon, 2016). Macro atmosphere factors like struggle norms which effect the competitive advantage of the company. Some economic factors which BHP Billiton should analyse are: Type of economic system means what type of monetary system there is and how stable it is. Exchange rates and stability Efficiency of financial markets Education level of the economy Labour cost and production cost Commercial cycle stage Financial growth rate Joblessness rate Interest rate Inflation rate Social factors The culture of the society also impacts the nation of a group in an environment. Arrogances of the population play an important role in how the dealers of BHP Billiton will understand the consumers of the market (Anon, 2016). Social factors which BHP Billiton should analyse are: Skill levels of the population Class structure and hierarchy Education level in this company Culture which includes gender, roles and social conventions etc. Attitudes which include health, environment and consciousness etc. Leisure interests Technological factors Technology is growing very fast across the world. Over the last five years the company has been growing very fast (Anon, 2016). Skill analysis includes understanding of many effects- Fresh technological growths by BHP Billiton opponents Effect of skill on product contribution Effect on cost assembly Rate of technical diffusion Environmental factors As different marks consist different environmental standards that can impact the profitability of a company (Anon, 2010). Some of the ecological factors which a company should reflect are: Climate Climate change Rules which regulate environmental effluence Recycling Air and water effluence guidelines in metals and mineral industry Leftover management Support for renewable energy Legal factors Some of the legal factors which BHP Billiton leadership should analyse Anti-trust law in the company Discrimination law Employment law Costumer protection Health and safety law Data protection Conclusion It has been found from the discussion that BHP Billiton is one of the greatest leading resources Company. This company extract and process minerals, oil and gas, and more than 60,000 workers and contractors works in Australia and America. The flow of capital to investment opportunities will be smooth in Australia, if they can be able to make the balance between risks and return right. As per the Trading Economics global macro models and analysts expectation the production of steel in Australia is expected to be 450.59 thousand tonnes within the end of this quarter. This firm have an easy and diverse portfolio of tier one assets about the world, with low cost options for future development and creating new values. This company provides thermal coal which is very useful and it is used in the electric power group and general manufacturing anxieties. References Alam, Q. and Majumdar, N. (2011).Cases in business and management. Prahran, Vic.: Tilde University Press. Anderson, K., 2017. Sectoral Trends and Shocks in Australia's Economic Growth. Australian Economic History Review, 57(1), pp.2-21. Anon, (2010).Our strategy delivers Sustainability Report. [online] Available at: https://static.globalreporting.org/report-pdfs/2010/d15f1e51b615717103b0c49f0818acad.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Anon(2017).Value through perfromance. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/bhpbillitonannualreport2014.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Anon, (2016).Integrity Resilience Growth Annual Report. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/-/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2016/bhpbillitonannualreport2016_interactive.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Barbash, B. and Roye, P. (n.d.).Investment Management Institute, 2017. Bhp.com. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/-/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitonstrategicreport2015.pdf?la=en [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Edwards, A. (2014).Mineral resource and ore reserve estimation. Carlton, Vic.: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Grant, R., Butler, B., Orr, S. and Murray, P. (2013).CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AN AUSTRALASIAN PERSPECTIVE 2E. Melbourne: Wiley. Hubbard, T. and Moore, M. (2012).BHP Billiton. Evanston, IL: Kellogg School of Management.

Taiwan Facts Essays - Republic Of China, Republics, Taiwan

Taiwan Facts title = Taiwan Facts Taiwan, officially Republic of China, island (in 1994 est. population was 21,299,000), 13,885 sq mi, in the Pacific Ocean, separated from the mainland of S China by the 100-mi-wide (161-km) Taiwan Strait. The capital is TAIPEI. Other major cities include KAOHSIUNG, Tainan, Taichong, and Chilung. About one quarter of Taiwan's land area is cultivated; rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sweet potatoes are the most important crops. In the 1970s industry replaced agriculture as the major export earner. Light industry is the major manufacturing sector, with electronics far ahead. Other manufactures include electrical equipment, chemicals, motor vehicles, and machinery, and service industries are beginning to be more important. The main natural resources are woods and other forest products. Religions include Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Taiwan was first settled by the Chinese in the 7th century, the island was reached by the Portuguese in 1590. It was held by the Dutch in the 1640s, and by China's Ch'ing dynasty from 1683. Occupied by Japan after the First Sino-Japanese War , Taiwan remained in Japanese hands until 1945. When CHIANG KAI-SHEK and the Nationalists, or Kuomintang, were kicked from mainland CHINA by the Communists, they shifted the seat of their government to Taiwan. The U.S. long supported and aided the Nationalists, but in the 1970s Taiwan's international political position had eroded. In 1971 it lost China's seat in the UN to the People's Republic of China, and in 1979 the U.S. broke diplomatic relations with the Nationalists to establish relations with the People's Republic of China, although keeping good economic and cultural ties. Martial law, in effect since 1949, was lifted in 1987, and many jailed political dissidents were freed. Pres. Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988 and was succeeded by LEE TENG -HUI, a Taiwan native. In 1991 Lee ended emergency rule, which had permitted the domination of the National Assembly by aging mainland delegates elected in 1947. In elections in 1992 the Kuomintang retained control of the assembly, but the major opposition party won a third of the seats.

Learn About the French Verb Faillir

Learn About the French Verb Faillir Faillir is a very interesting and useful French verb. It is irregular in conjugation and does not have an English equivalent; the simplest translation is to almost do something.​ Faillir is usually followed by an infinitive and can be translated by to almost do something, to all but do something, to very nearly do something, or to narrowly miss doing something. Faillir is most commonly used in the past: Jai failli tomber. - I almost fell.Nous avons failli rater le train. - We very nearly missed the train.Il a failli dire  « non  » avant dy rà ©flà ©chir.  - He almost said no before thinking about it. Faillir Faillir is followed by a noun and means to fail in/at or to fail to keep: Jai failli ma mission. - I failed in my mission.Il a failli sa parole. - He failed to keep his word. Expressions with Faillir faillir la tradition - to break with traditionne pas faillir sa parole - to keep / be true to ones wordne pas faillir sa rà ©putation - to live up to ones reputationrà ©sister jusquau bout sans faillir - to resist unflinchingly to the end Conjugations Though this verb has conjugations in all the tenses, faillir is used almost exclusively in the past (passà © composà ©, passà © simple, and plus-que-parfait), so the past participle failli is the most important form for you to know. To talk about nearly doing something in another tense, manquer de is preferable (though the meaning is subtly different). Note that il faut is the third person singular present tense of both faillir and the impersonal verb falloir.

Climate and Storms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Climate and Storms - Research Paper Example A low pressure region is developed in the Atlantic and high pressure region in Peru in a normal year and therefore trade winds flow strongly from the east to west in the pacific and therefore warm waters are carried westward, in el Nio years the low pressure region is replaced by a relatively high pressure region in the pacific and this reduces the strength of trade winds and therefore there is an accumulation of warm water in Peru, in la Nina periods results after the el Nino period whereby there is an accumulation of cold water in the pacific. .. References: Columbia (2009) ENSO, retrieved on 29th November, from http://iri.columbia.edu/climate/ENSO/globalimpact/TC/Atlantic/index.html CCD (2009) la Nina report, retrieved on 29th November, from Http://www.ccd.ucar.edu/lanina/report/baethgen.html CPC (2009) List of El Nio and la Nina years, retrieved on 29th November, from http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml Physical geography (2009) ocean circulation differences in El Nio and la Nina years, retrieved on 29th November, from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7z.html Wunder Ground (2009) 1997 hurricanes, retrieved on 29th November, from http://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/at1997.asp Wunder Ground (2009) 1995 hurricanes, retrieved on 29th November, from

The rise of mass society in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The rise of mass society in the U.S - Essay Example The mass society led to prosperity and a system of government, which weakened the tradition societal tie. The first two decades of the 20th century was the time of intense and rapid changes that stretched to the capacity of imagination. This is because of increased technology advancement; contributing to varied developments in the arts and many other aspects. Thus, the essay focuses on the major developments that took place due to modernity in the first two decades of the 20th century. The mass society led to major developments in varied aspects including arts and cultural aspects. The science and technologies grew rapidly in pervasiveness, scale and time; thus transformed the natural world into created human control; for instance, many artists started implementing unique artifacts including unique interior and exterior of the buildings, renaissance paintings and many others. The technology that comprised this new era included computer technology that enabled the society to make vari ed changes through interaction process. For instance, the Internet and social media services enabled the societies to culturally interact and learn one another’s cultural behaviors through a common sharing of language; thus creating a global village. 2Duiker and Jackson (2011, 86) argue that the two decades of 20th century saw their tasks through making sense of the great transformation and understanding the new culture and societies being created. Modernity refers to the Enlightenment period and movement from traditional to modern era, which is linked to the increased capitalism in the society. The term modernity in the Enlighten era reflected varied changes that took place including new construction of buildings, new way of painting artifacts including sculptures and many others. Modernity reflected the new wave from the traditional aspects to new era, which is associated with movement in arts, cultural movements and other varied transformations to western society. 3Radclif f (2004, 92) argues that modernity in the 20th century reflects new movements and transformation of varied things from traditional to current ones. The term can be coined with westernization to include changes and progression era from traditional to current due to influence from the westerners. Additionally, modernity is viewed from cultural changes in social, political and economic structures. However, scholars focus this term from a far perspective to include changes in modern science, arts and many other aspects. Modernity demands deeper and more radical changes in order to create a better world. According to 4Rosati (2013, 56) and Scott, modernity takes place through rapid rationalization, which is linked to actions of mankind to create resourceful order of means to meet their demanding desires. Therefore, modernity in the 20th century period took into consideration significant changes in the society such as new political power, social changes and economic changes. This was aide d by industrialization period that was rampart due to increased technological advancement; thus, innovation became the primary fact of life. Realism became principal in literature in the U.S during the earlier 20th century. Realism attempts to present things the way they are; hence, it tries to reveal the truth of things. For instance in art, realism approach was manifested in numerous ways; thus, it was mostly used to describe certain art objects. The term implies a

Nature versus Nurture: The debate

Nature versus Nurture: The debate A View of Two Fields of Thought: Nature versus Nurture A debate has been brewing in the field of education and philosophy for hundreds of years. Many intellectuals have pondered over this subject and have taken one side or the other, but to this day no definite answer exists. The battle of nature versus nurture, or rationalism versus empiricism, has so long been debated and has been addressed in so much literature that one would be hard pressed to find an educator who hasnt thought about this topic and considered the merits of each school of thought. This debate affects how educators view their students as well as how they believe children can be taught, so it is important to explore the history of each side and investigate the evidence so educators as well as parents can understand how to access their childs potential. In 380 B.C.E. Plato wrote a play titled Meno. In this work, he discussed through his characters how intelligence was based on recollection. This concept was derived from the idea that once a human being dies, his soul is reincarnated into another human being and that newly born person has all of the knowledge that his former life possessed. Therefore, Plato believed in the idea that knowledge was innate (Allen 165-174). He believed that people were divided into social or intellectual classes by the type of metal that supposedly ran through their souls. These metals were gold, silver, brass and iron and they were used to keep the social hierarchy in check. If someone were believed to have gold in their soul, they would theoretically govern the state and be of superior intelligence. Someone who had silver in their soul was seen as a warrior of the state and if someone was believed to have brass or iron in their soul, they were never meant for a high ranking position in the social spher e but to dwell on the earth as members of the lower class (Voegelin 230). The next great mind to enter the nature versus nurture debate came around in the mid 1600s. Rene Descartes created an entire school that is known today as the Cartesian school of thought. Descartes and his followers adopted the idea of dualism, meaning that the soul is separate from the body and that the soul does not have a physical manifestation (Gardner 33). This idea goes along well with the previously mentioned theories of Plato. In a dedicatory letter to the Sorbonne, Descartes attempted to prompt his literary work, Mediations on First Philosophy. This letter outlined Descartes key ideas concerning knowledge and dualism. He emphasized that all that is known about God is manifested in people, and to figure out those manifestations one must use reasoning, which takes place in the brain. Also throughout the letter Descartes made it a point to mention how people have certain aptitudes for different vocations, such as metaphysical studies or geometry; he also explored the idea that people can be intellectually gifted, as to say they were granted their intelligence from birth. Descartes had little evidence to support this reasoning beyond his heavy reliance on philosophy and his strong religious beliefs. Like Plato, he believed that the soul lived on after the body had expired (Descartes 3-11). As time moved on, the nature argument started to move away from the religious vantage point and more toward scientific research. Francis Galton would be among the first men who conducted such experiments. In Galtons book Hereditary Genius he stated the argument that the high reputation of a man could be used as an accurate assessment of high ability. He studied eminent men such as the Judges of England from 1660 to 1868 and also the Statesmen during the reign of George III. Along with these men, Galton also studied men of a wide variety of professions since he believed it was important to study many different grades of ability (Galton 2). He studied nearly 300 families and concluded that eminent men do tend produce eminent sons (307). From this conclusion, Galton set out to continue his research, only this time he wouldnt focus his attention on the biographies of successful men; he would continue his research with the study of twins. Through the process of sending out surveys to people who either were twins or those who were close relatives of twins, Galton found further support for his rationalist theories. At first he addressed a number of twins who were very similar from birth, and then he addressed those sets of twins who were dissimilar from the very beginning, which he considered more relevant to his cause. He presented several testimonies from parents of twins stating that even though the twins were nurtured the exact same way from the moment they were born, they showed great difference. A specific case stated that two male twins acted as compliments to one another. One boy would possess a certain set of qualities and attributes where as the other would be the polar opposite of his twin brother who had received the same nurture. Galton states that through all of his correspondences, he could not find one case where the twins started out different and were assimilated through nurture (Galton 391-406). Galton continued to study the issue of hereditary intelligence in many other books and journals, but one his most famous proposals was his ideas on eugenics. Because Galton believed that knowledge was inherited, he thought that it would benefit humanity if only intelligent people were allowed to reproduce. In â€Å"Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims†, Galton laid out his plan for how this process would go about happening. He went as far as to call this way of living a â€Å"new religion† that should be fully pushed upon people so they whole heartedly accept it (Galton ). We now know that for a period in history, Galtons ideas were successful and many people around the world were sterilized against their will as a way to attempt to breed the perfect human race (Dikotter). In Galtons later research he discovered â€Å"regression to the mean†, which is the idea that human beings tend to move toward the average no matter how above or below average their parent s are. This discovery disappointed his hopes of breeding the perfect human race (Galton â€Å"Regression†). Another interesting contributor to the nature argument was Cesare Lombroso. In his book, â€Å"Crime, its causes and remedies†, Lombroso attempted to lie out the naturally occurring tendencies of a criminal. He studied groups of people in Europe and came to the conclusion that features such as hair color, skull size and facial structure were indicators that a person was innately criminal. He also determined that race was a factor in finding naturally born criminals as well. He used the Jewish people as an example for his race theory. He said that Jews were much less likely to commit crimes compared to the gypsies, who he believed where in the same socioeconomic class. Lombroso wrote about schooling as well. He believed that if a student in elementary school displayed the characteristics that he had categorized as criminal then the student should be taken away from the other children and be caught in a way to discourage the innate criminality from surfacing (Lombroso). Much more recently, Charles Murray has addressed this debate and has strongly lobbied for inherited intelligence. In the book â€Å"The Bell Curve† written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, these men aimed to prove that Americas growing inequality was due to the fact that skilled labor was much more valuable today than unskilled labor. Because both Herrnstein and Murray believed that IQ directly correlated with skill, they believed that the gap between people in society will only continue to grow as unskilled jobs fade away (Murray bell curve). In an article written by Murray published in the Wall Street Journal, he claimed that a persons IQ is directly connected to their intelligence and that that number cannot possibly change no matter what kind of education is given to that student. Through his investigation, he found that when someone tried to raise their IQ, it only went up an average of about 8 points as after time progressed, the number returned back to what it had originally been. Considering the national assessment of educational progress scores, 36% of all fourth graders were below the standards of basic achievement in reading; Murray stated that this number should be considered acceptable since 36% of fourth graders, according to the normal distribution, have IQs lower than 95. He even made the bold claim that if you argue that an IQ test doesnt determine intelligence, then G, someones natural intellectual ability, does (Murray Newspaper). The other side of the nature versus nurture debate lies with those who believe nurture is the predominate cause of intelligence and personality. A few years after Descartes died, John Locke came forward with his views on rationalism verses empiricism. He thought it was wrong to believe a small child had any innate ideas, and he is well known for his theory that a mind is like a blank, white piece of paper that parents and teachers can write on as they see fit to shape and mold the child into adulthood. Locke believed that ideas came from two places: first from sensory information and second from reflections (115spiral). In Lockes â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding† he attacked the theory of innate knowledge by assuming that if there were innate principles in the human mind, everyone would agree on these principles. Because not all people agreed, it proved to Locke that there were in fact no innate principals at all. Also, in what seems like a direct attack at Descartes , Locke argued the innateness of God to be fictional because there are cultures all around the world that do not recognize any god at all (Locke). Around the same time as Locke, George Berkeley achieved recognition for his theories on empiricism as well. Berkeley believed that the mind was what everything in existence revolved around and that matter did not actually exist, thinking that all things in the world were composed of ideas (Flage). He thought that all things were either sensations or perceptions and one can only know what one sees. Berkeley believed that when a person looks at something, they only see the appearance of the object and not the real qualities which arent perceivable to anyone. Human senses are the only way people can understand the things in the world (Berkeley 193-215). The third well know empiricist of the time was David Hume. Hume believed that what was in the mind could be broken down into basic sensations. He theorized that thinking was just a byproduct of disconnected sensations and ideas were like vague copies of distinct perceptions or impressions and everything past those ideas and perceptions were unnecessary to explore (D. Murray 11-12). Years later in the late 1800s, John Watson published a book called Behaviorism. He presented a thesis about human instincts and discussed what human beings are born being able to do. He claims that those functions are in fact not instincts as instincts were defined at the time. He claimed that everything that people had initially thought were instincts were actually learned behaviors that came about as a result of training. On this evidence, he stated â€Å"that there is no such thing as an inheritance of capacity, talent, temperament, mental constitution and characteristics† (Watson 75). He believed that if a child has a father that is a good swordsman, the child will only become a good swordsman if the father nurtures him to be so, not just because he has his fathers genes. He supported this idea by referencing all the different customs and tendencies of people all across the world and how they all differ due to their culture and environment (74-75). One relevantly recent phenomenon is the Flynn Effect, which is describes as significant increases in IQ over time. This effect has been attributed to a variety of factors such as â€Å"improved nutrition; increased environmental complexity; and family, parental, school and methodological factors† (Daley 215). All of these components of the Flynn affect were at first criticized for focusing on only industrialized and urban areas, but a group of people from the University of California went to Kenya to help strengthen the Flynn Effects environmental explanations (215). The study took place in the Embu District of Kenya. The first research was done in 1984 and then again in 1998 with two different groups of children. The researches administered three tests to the group of children they were studying. The tests were: the Ravens Progressive Matrices, the verbal meaning test, and the digit span test. It was determined that the second group of children in 1998 scored higher than those in 1984, proving that the Flynn Effect was definitely present. To explain these increases the researchers looked to see if the environmental factors had changed during the 14 years. Nutrition became better, which is represented by the increase in kilocalories and protein from 1984 to 1998 as well as a decrease in children who had an insufficient caloric intake. The environment also became more complex, with the addition of a few televisions as well as a majority of parents reporting to have read a newspaper or magazines at least once a week. Both of these factors had not existed in the community during the 1984 study. In addition, family size decreased in Kenya, which allowed the households to spend more on the individual children and the family structure shifted from nuclear families to single parent households run by the mother. Parental education and literacy also increased during the 14 years, going from 26% of mothers reporting no schooling in 1984 to only 8.7% in 1998. Schooling didnt change much during the time period, but there was an increase in the number of children who attended Sunday school, so this could be seen as an extra day of schooling. The health of the children didnt improve and the hemoglobin counts actually worsened over the time period, but the most severe causes of anemia decreased from 1984 to 1989 (217-219). The main impacts on the children according to this study were parental literacy, family stature and health. All of the children in the study belonged to the same tribe so the researchers believed this to be proof that the environment a child is raised in has much affect on his or her intelligence (219). One of the most recent empiricists is Geoffrey Canada. Canada grew up in inner city New York but moved to Long Island with his grandparents in his early teens. He graduated from high school and went to college and then attended graduate school at Harvard University. Canada eventually became the CEO and president of Harlem Childrens Zone. Currently, the program spans 97 blocks in New York City and caters to nearly 8000 students. He whole heartedly believes that with the right amount of guidance and direction, the struggling students in inner cities can learn to appreciate learning and to increase their intelligence through their environment in the classroom (Moore). In Paul Toughs book â€Å"Whatever it takes: Geoffrey Canadas quest to change Harlem and America† the program is described in great detail and it shows how the lives of the children have been adjusted to foster learning (Tough). The programs success became evident in 2009 â€Å"when its charter school, the Promise Academy, eliminated the achievement gap for math between average black students and white students in New York City† (Moore). The debate over nature versus nurture spans back to when philosophy was predominantly the way of explaining the acquisition of knowledge and continues in more recent times with scientific evidence consisting of facts and numbers giving support to one side or the other. Both the recent and historical back and forth between great scholars helps each individual, be they parent or educator, come to their own personal conclusions of whether nature or nurture is the more dominant factor contributing to a persons knowledge and IQ. Works Cited Allen, R.E.. Anamnesis in Platos Meno and Phaedo.The Review of Metaphysics13 (1959):165-174.JSTOR. Flage. 29 Mar. 2010. Berkeley, George. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. sax: Indypublish.Com, 2003. 193-215. Print. Daley, Tamara, Shannon Whaley, Marian Sigman, Michael Espinosa, and Charlotte Neumann. IQ on the Rise: The Flynn Effect in Rural Kenyan Children . Psychological Science 14 (2003): 215-219. JSTOR. Flage. 30 Mar. 2010. Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes (Volume II). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 3. Print. Dikotter, Frank. Race Culture: Recent Perspectives on the History of Eugenics. The American Historical Review 103 (1998): n. pag. JSTOR. Flage. 29 Mar. 2010. Flage, Daniel. George Berkeley (1685-1753). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . James Madison University, 4 Apr. 2004. Flage. 28 Mar. 2010. . Galton, Francis . Regression Towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 15 (1886): n. pag. Jstor. Flage. 2 Apr. 2010. Galton, Francis. The History of Twins, as a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 5 (1876): 391-406. JSTOR. Flage. 29 Mar. 2010. Galton, Francis. Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims. The American Journal of Sociology 10 (1904): n. pag. JSTOR. Flage. 28 Mar. 2010. Galton, Sir Francis. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry Into Its Laws and Consequences (Classic Reprint). asdbjsadjkas: Forgotten Books, 2009. Print. Gardner, Howard, Mindy Kornhaber, and Warren K. Wake. Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1995. 33-36. Print. Herrnstein, Richard J., and Charles Murray. Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (A Free Press Paperbacks Book). 1st Free Press Pbk. Ed ed. New York City: Free Press, 1996. Print. Lombroso, Cesare. Crime: Its Causes and Remedies. 1918: Legal Classics Library, A Division Of Gryphon Editions, 1994. Print. Moore, Jina. Empathy is his superpower / The Christian Science Monitor CSMonitor.com. The Christian Science Monitor CSMonitor.com. N.p., 7 Sept. 2009. Flage. 4 Apr. 2010. . Murray, Charles. Intelligence in the Classroom Half of all children are below average, and teachers can do only so much for them. . Wall Street Journal n/a (2007): 1-3. Print. Murray, D.W.. What is the Western Concept of the Self? on Forgetting David Hume. Ethos 21 (1993): 11-12. JSTOR. Flage. 30 Mar. 2010. Tough, Paul. Whatever It Takes: Geoffrey Canadas Quest to Change Harlem and America. New York: Mariner Books, 2009. Print. Voegelin, Eric. The La. Plato. 1 ed. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2000. 230. Print. Watson, John. B.. Are There Any Human Instincts?. Behaviorism. San Diego: West Press, 2008. 74-75. Print. Theories of Crime and Gender: Research Study Theories of Crime and Gender: Research Study Crime Gender __________________________________ Contents (Jump to) Introduction    Why Gender? Why Crime? Ground Rules – Laying the Foundation for a Thorough Discussion: Feminism Sociological Motivation Offenders – Women who Violate the â€Å"Norm† Victims –   In their â€Å"natural† place†¦ In the System – The Influence of Dominant Social Structures Paradigms Field Perspective – A Short Experimental Inquiry into Current Perceptions about Women Violent Crime The Verdict – Moving Forward with Facts†¦ and assumptions References __________________________________ Appendix A Research Surveys Appendix B Annotated SPPS Output Appendix C Raw Data Introduction Why Gender? Why Crime? The answer to the question posed above could be any one of the following: In the tradition of Sir Edmund Hillary in referring to why he climbed Mt. Everst, simply, â€Å"Because it is there†. In the modern tradition of rhetoric, â€Å"Why not?† In ‘typical’ answer one might expect, because both are compelling, engaging topics in which virtually everyone has a vested interest in and both are issues fundamental to the social and political fabric of modern life. The truth is simply â€Å"all of the above† with a heavy emphasis on #3. These topics have the fortune of being both broad and â€Å"loaded†. It is broad in the sense that both subjects, in and of themselves, is the subject of the life’s work of numerous notable academians as well as that of many law enforcement, social service and legal professionals. Without question, the subjects, especially gender, is loaded with emotion. While many might believe that feminism is a wasted effort to redirect attention and funds, others pursue the topic with all the righteous vigor of that associated with the abolition of slavery. The topics of gender and crime would be much easier to cover if, like a traditional Venn diagram, there were but a small area of overlap. In contrast, the two subjects seem to only grow when combined. With this in mind, a logical treatise on the subject is yet possible by presentation with a logical stepwise progression through fundamental theoretical perspectives followed by the systematic treatment of each key stakeholder. Following this, original research will be reviewed and discussed in light of the foundations laid. Based on these findings, additional lines of inquiry to tease out further salient differences and issues will be proposed. Ground Rules Laying the Foundation for a Thorough Discussion: Feminism Sociological Motivation Feminism It becomes quite apparent with on a cursory review of literature that crime is a man’s arena. Unanimously, researchers agree that the overwhelming majority of crime is committed by men and that gender is the strongest predictor of criminality (Messerschmidt 1997, p. 1; Belknap 2001, pp. xii, 5-6; Heidensohn 1997, p. 491). In itself, this begs the question of why this is the case. Though any answer to this question falls short of the answer to the ‘whole’ question, it is enough to pique interest and to begin a line of inquiry into the simple matter, given the roughly 50/50 gender distribution, why must is be the case that men commit more than ten times the crimes that women do (or are they just not caught?). The simple fact that most crimes are committed by men and not by women creates questions as to the reasoning behind this. Though seemingly far from what might be considered a typical feminist agenda, the issue of crime and gender is indeed a fundamental issue of gender and, therefore central to the thoughts of feminism. In assigning a feminism interest to the issue of gender and crime, additional complications arise due to the multiple perspectives of feminism within its own ranks. While the uninitiated might label all feminists alike, this is not the case as there are five major division within the overall perspective of â€Å"a woman-centered description and explanation of human experience and the social world† (Belknap 2001, p. 16). Below is a table listing each major faction and the outlook regarding key issues: Label Perspective Liberal feminism Believe that women’s access to equality in education, employment and â€Å"public† things in general are blocked by generally accepted (but wrong) principles, policies and laws. Marxist feminism Disciples of this division are most concerned with class and economic inequalities. Socialist feminists Take issue with Marxist’s in that they insist that it is not class alone but also instilled systems and that perpetuate inequalities. Radical feminists Another reaction against Marxist feminism that again goes beyond it in that they emphasize patriarchal systems as sources of inequality and, of all the factions, this one is the most likely to â€Å"hold individual men, rather than society, responsible†. Post-modern feminists Advocates of a multiple perspective view in that the issues that any woman faces are different based upon class, race, age, etc. (Belknap 2001, pp. 16-17) Though feminism is a diverse and sometimes, even divisive, arena, each ‘faction’ has a belief that men and women should receive equal treatment under the law and in society in general. Criminology, with its overwhelming use of masculine models, theories and subjects has largely attempted to impose these models upon female crime, crime victims and system-issues in an effort to explain how and why female crime occurs. Though these models are insightful and useful, they do not fully explain male or female criminology. Consequently, the utilization of the feminist perspective may be quite useful in not only generating models for female offenders but able to shed light on what went wrong with male criminals. This feminist viewpoint is different from other perspectives in the following ways: Gender is not a natural fact but a complex social, historical and cultural product related to but limited to any biological basis for sex. Gender and gender relation create and sustain fundamental order in social life and institutions. Gender relations are based upon masculine and feminine constructs in which men are viewed are socially, politically, and economically dominant over women. The production of knowledge is gendered in that men produce it from their point of view. Women and women’s issues should be at the center of attention and inquiry. (Belknap 2001, p. 13) With the realization that half of the planet’s population is female, the duration of the dominance ‘typical’ perspectives becomes even more curious. Thus, in consideration of crime and gender, the feminist perspective can be enlightening both for the perspective on the majority as well as to provide novel insight into female-committed crime as well as how it is possible that approximately 93% of the [female] populate are ‘crime-free’. Were we able to find this mystery female ‘ingredient’ (is it butterflies?) and, were it able to be instilled, socialized, taught, administered or cultivated in any way in the other half of the population, the world would be virtually crime-free. An example of how the feminist perspective has already fundamentally changed the view of society at large is in regards to rape. Clearly a violent crime, [male] researchers had, prior to the emergence of the feminist perspective, simply gathered data on this crime in the same way that did not fully capture the reality of situation. Specifically, the number of rapes committed each year was reported based upon statistics gathered from police records, a source that is contingent upon a crime being reported and how a crime is defined. As it would turn out, many â€Å"rapes† are not reported and further, the legal definition of â€Å"rape† may not exactly fit the reality of a victim who may have been forced to have sex (Belknap 2001, p. 20). Sociological Motication: Why People Commit Crime There are a number theories as to why crimes are committed. Clearly, there are crimes of passion and as many other reasons as there are unfulfilled desires of the heart. Despite the overwhelming possibilities, there emerge a few predictable bases as well as other â€Å"systematic† rationale for deviant behavior. Without engaging in the broadest of philosophical arguments as to what constitutes â€Å"right† and what separates this from â€Å"wrong†, a key tenet to lawbreaking that we should accepts is that of â€Å"mens rea† or, â€Å"guilty mind†. This Latin phrase is central in that we excerpt from our discussion those who commit a crime â€Å"by mistake, under duress or while insane† (Hampton 1990, pp.1). Consequently, of the millions of crimes committed, it becomes imperative to study the matter to determine to cause and ultimately to prevent their commission in the first place as those who commit such acts do so willfully, with at least s ome idea of the potential penalties and with the knowledge that harm is likely or, depending on the crime, is certain to occur to persons or property though this will be presented not from a individual psychological perspective but rather that of a large scale sociological perspective. Early criminologists believed primarily believed that crime was a ‘class’ problem, an issue that was confined for the most part to lower socio-economic strata (Lynch 1996, pp. 4, 8-9). This view point is still widely held and, as regression goes, still has significant explanatory power though there are other variables in the equation. As criminologist evolved in their thinking, questions of gender and race began to be considered. Messerschmidt, in Crimes as Structured Action (1997), indicates that each of these variables is more than a simple binary-type factor that someone either has or does not. In the same way that feminists recognize different feminist experiences, Messerschmidt puts for a theory of structured action. Similarly, in this model, each factor is contextual and has a relational aspect with regards to the other factors. For example, in some circumstances, one may be a â€Å"male†, in others, and â€Å"African-American† while yet in others â⠂¬Å"working class†. These identities are constructed through social interaction and existing social structures such as church, home, work, etc. Defined in broader terms, social structures are those â€Å"regular and patterned forms of interaction over time that constrain and channel behavior in specific ways† (Messerschmidt 1997, p. 5). These social structures are created by culpable people and perpetuated by the same. In essence the perspectives that one accepts and endorses, even if implicitly, one also perpetuates, even in cases in which one ‘just goes along with it’ as ultimately, there is an accountability that people take on themselves when they choose to construe themselves as a certain way in a specific situation (Messerschmidt 1997, pp. 4-6). Though it is something of the ‘American way’ and reminiscent of some versions of Arthurian legend that a person who is ‘good’ or works ‘hard enough’ is not limited in their ability to achieve success as the world sees its, there seems to be a great correlation between one’s race, class, neighborhood, gender and other key factors as to how one’s life choices play out. This view is specifically termed the â€Å"structured life course† and indicates that ones choices about any given matter are often not so much a function of a true individual choice but are frequently arise of a function of nearly inevitable consequences caused by political, social or economic forces that serve to either increase of decrease the likelihood of any particular act (Lynch 1996, pp. 6-7,15; Messerschmidt 1997, p. 7). In support of this, consider the following facts: 34% of all families living under the poverty line are headed by single female workers. 65% of all females in the work force are either single, widowed, divorced, separated or married to men earning less that $15,000/year. African Americans earn, on average, 64% of what whites earn.  ½ Of African American children grow up in poverty. The wealthiest 1% possess 42% of the wealth in America. Most millionaires are born, not made. Class affects where you grow up, how you grow up, the quality of schools you attend (from elementary through college), occupational choices, career path, whom you marry and the cycle begins again with your children. (Lynch 1997, p.11, 12, 16) An additional explanation for the problem of crime that has the potentiality to build upon the precept of the structured action theory is the theory proposed by Hirschi and Gottfredson in A General Theory of Crime (1990) in which they posit that the critical variable in an individual choosing to commit a crime is that of â€Å"self control†. With the exception of a very few acts, the overwhelming majority of crimes are â€Å"trivial and mundane affairs that result in little loss and less gain† (Brannigan 1997, p. 405). Further, the authors suggest that crimes, though usually unplanned, are the result of deliberate (though poor) choices and incur a degree of recklessness or offensiveness that is variable to the extent of the â€Å"underlying criminality† of the individual. The degree of â€Å"criminality† is closely related to this extent to which they are impulsive and, according, have low self-control. In terms of their character or behavior, this has a number of outcomes which contribute to the ‘downward spiral’: a need for immediate gratification, the â€Å"utilization of simple means†, i.e., pay without performance, sex without marriage or commitment, justice or revenge without court costs or delays, etc., biases towards risky and exciting activities, little interest in â€Å"skilful or sophisticated criminal planning† and, insensitivity to the pain of others (Brannigan 1997, p. 406). From these behaviors, additional consequences follow such as tendencies to: smoke, drink, use drugs, gamble, have children out of marriage and engage in risky, illicit sex, be impulsive and insensitive, physical (i.e., not ‘intellectual’), short-sighted, and nonverbal (Brannigan 1997, p. 406; Storvall, E., L. Wichstrom, H. Pape Nova. 2003, p. 194) The character trait that produces this string of products is produced (or not) in the first six to eight years of childhood (Brannigan 1997, p. 410). During this period, the institution of the family is particularly important as a person is socialized and receives the psychological grounding that produces good impulse- and self-control. Without discounting either the structured action theory, life course theory or the general theory of crime (low self-control), a discussion of criminal behavior would not be complete without a discussion of life cycle theory of Sampson Laub. In the life cycle theory, the idea of internal and external factors in the commission of crime is viewed within the perspective that criminality is a function of age. In this theory, it is noted that, â€Å"the patterns of offending over [an individual’s] life cycle commonly follow an age curve – a peak†¦ which rises throughout the late adolescence and which declines into early adulthood†. Interestingly, the level of the crest of criminality varies with the race and gender of the offender as well as, accordingly, with those that can be labeled â€Å"high- or low-frequency† offenders (Brannigan 1997, p. 409). With this in mind, Brannigan points out, many programs that are aimed at curbing crime or rehabilitating o ffenders will commit grievous errors if the assumption is made that a certain regimen is effective that fails to account for this â€Å"invariant† feature (Brannigan 1997, p. 410). Another model, social capital or social bond theory, names the additional external factor of positive or negative social pressures in the form of relationships and so-called â€Å"social capital† that exists in the form of a steady job, a good marriage and other stabilizing (or not) relational bonds that influence criminality (Brannigan 1997, p. 411; Belknap 2001, p. 47, Batton 2004, p. 430; Giordano, Cernkovich Rudolph 2002, p. 990). The fundamental approach of this theory is on what induces most people and nearly all females to obey the law. Because of this, it is a distinctly feminist approach in light of the overwhelming data indicating that crime is, in nearly all cases a male issue. In all, there are a number of approaches that one can justifiably take to explain why people commit crimes. Though each one can be viewed as a separate proposition, it does not seem to be a crime to simply use each for what it is, that is, a partial representation of a broad and complex topic. In light of this, it seems to be a reasonable approach to posit a de facto theory by which race, class and gender, in combination with internal self-control and external relational factors work together to create real and virtually real structures and courses that interact over the course of a person’s life span to create a seemingly complete, reasonable and accurate explanation for most criminal acts. Viewed contextually, combinations of such risk factors as being male, having a corrupted network of friends could be overcome by being raised in a caring family environment with other ‘insulating’ factors. Similarly, a moment of poor impulse control could begin a process that quickly spirals out of control. Offenders Women who Violate the â€Å"Norm† In summary of women as principal agents in the commission of a crime, a few general trends become obvious: women commit a very small portion of all crimes, about 4-7% in the US and UK, the crimes they do commit are, on average, fewer, less severe and less likely to be â€Å"professional† or repeat offenders, women form a very small portion of prison populations. (Heidensohn 1997, pp. 491-492) Further, in all crimes except rape, the factor of gender becomes even more disparate as men are not only far more likely to commit a crime, they are even more likely to be a victim (Batton 2004, p. 423). According to 2000 statistics, men accounted for 89.6% of murder arrests and commit suicide at approximately 4x the rate of females (Batton 2004, p. 425). Though women commit far fewer crimes, some authors note that the rate of growth of female offenders is growing at a faster rate than that of males (Heidensohn 1997, pp. 494-496). Despite this, it is important to keep in perspective comparatively diminutive population of female offenders and that a large increase in the relative rate may yet still be quite a small number in absolute value. In regards to our ‘wholly unified’ theory as a composite of ‘all with predictive power’, a review of homicide data from 1960 – 2000 indicates that as female work for participation increased, the rate of murders committed by females has decreased. This suggests that as women gain greater power through increased penetration of established social structures, this has reduced the stress and frustration and subsequent ‘out-of-control’ feeling that can lead to lethal consequences. This finding is in contrast to male homicide rates that, during the same period, either stayed the same or increased, while workforce participation also remained constant (Batton 2004, p. 452). One theme that seems to emerge across studies of deviant behavior in females and males is the tendency of females to reports higher internal sources of problems than males (Storvall, E., L. Wichstrom, H. Pape Nova. 2003, p. 200; Batton 2004, pp. 428-429). Examples of this would be depression, stress from â€Å"success† in breaking through social structures or stress in being frustrated by them. This suggests the possibility that the specific motivations behind the commission behind criminal acts may be more internally driven for females and more external for males. In support of social bond theory are findings from research on female juveniles who socialize in three predominantly different setting with regards to support structures in the form of relationships and friendship networks. In this research, the greater the extent of the female-dominated friendship bonds, the less the extent of property crimes. This effect was greatest in â€Å"school females† and progressively weaker with â€Å"school males† and â€Å"street females† and virtually nonexistent for â€Å"homeless males† (McCarthy, Felmlee, Hagan 2004, p. 805). In regards to women who do commit crimes, particularly violent crimes such as domestic abuse or murder, they do so very much as men seem to do. For example in the case of domestic violence, both women and men were â€Å"equally likely to have used severe violence and inflicted severe injuries†¦, to have previously committed violence against nonintimates, and to have been using drugs or alcohol at the time of their arrest† (Busch Rosenberg 2004, p. 49). Victims In their â€Å"natural† place†¦ Despite males being victims of crimes more than females, no discussion of gender and crime would be complete with out a discussion of women as victims of crimes. Indeed, this fact may even be surprising to many that would think that ‘female’ is synonymous with being weaker and more vulnerable. Though women may not be, on average, physically as strong as men, the image is clearly more powerful than reality and this may propogate the well-documented fact that women, despite being a victim less, fear being a victim more (Belknap 2001, p. 206). There are however, certain crimes that are notably perpetrated almost exclusively against women. The most heinous of these is rape and no legitimate discussion of gender and crime would be complete with its omission. Rape is a crime typically committed against women and, in all likelihood, is committed far more than it is reported. While it is the case that it does disproportionately affect women with figures of 34% of Native American women, 18 % of white women, and 19% for African American indicating that they have been victimized (Belknap 2001, p. 218). An additional study surveyed 930 women randomly who gave responses indicating that 44% had been â€Å"victims of a completed or attempted rape† with 24% indicating a rape did definitively occur. Yet another study indicates that up to 53% of women experiencing some form of sexual assault (Belknap 2001, p. 231). TO put this into perspective, if you are a man, chances are 50/50 that your mother, your wife and your daughter has or will be sexually assaulted. If this was a female issue, it seems that the widespread dissemination of information such as this might affect matters. Though the incidence of any rape is too high, reporting and data gathering on this is itself a confounding issue, due in largely to the twin factors of social pressures to not report a shameful experience and the often uncertain definition of what actually constitutes â€Å"rape† or â€Å"sexual assault†. Also, there is likely the disproportionate reporting of certain types of rape such as the stereotypical â€Å"stranger assault† in which it is more socially acceptable to be a ‘victim’ (Belknap 2001, p. 233). The experience of being violated in the way of a rape is often difficult for women to admit, knowing that they may likely bring negative attention to themselves in the form of â€Å"victim blame† or potentially even with the threat of additional violence. Until comparatively recent times and not until the advent of the feminist influence was there much sympathy in the ‘system’ for rape victims (Belknap 2001, p. 215). Additionally, many of rapes are not the stereotypical ‘man in the bushes’ crime but are committed in situations that are â€Å"fuzzy†. Circumstances involving former consensual partners such as ex-boyfriends or ex-husbands or in scenarios where consent might have been given to point or scenarios that escalate out-of-hand but involved consent for some degree of sexual activity cloud the judgment not only police, prosecutors, and juries but the minds of victims as well. Regardless of the relationships of the victim to the offender who is convicted, Scully, indicates that none of them felt â€Å"guilt† regarding their proven actions. This finding corroborates the findings and predictions of the self-control theory as postulated by Hirschi and Gottfredson in which perpetrators are insensitive to others (Belknap 2001, p. 234). An additional crime that is typically thought of as one in which females are victims is that of domestic violence in which up to 23% of women reporting an incident with this over their lifetimes (Heidensohn 1997, p. 495). This is yet another situation in which there are social structure pressure as well as the familiar problem of definition. In regards to the degree of activity needed to constitute a â€Å"crime†, one study indicates that none of the men that completed a survey on the matter defined a number of listed incidents as a â€Å"crime† while 39% of the surveyed women identified them as such (Heidensohn 1997, p. 495). Clearly, a difference of opinion exists. This difference of opinion, though not justified, is nicely illustrated by research that indicated victims of domestic violence â€Å"justify† it and that the perpetrators â€Å"excuse† it. Specifically, regardless of the degree, women, who comprise 95% of the victims of this crime, either underreport the incidents or the severity of the incidents and men use excuses such as frustration, anger or intoxication to avoid or deny responsibility and justifications to deny â€Å"wrongness† (Belknap 2001, p. 268). In the System The Influence of Dominant Social Structures Paradigms The criminal justice system can be seen as part of the contextual framework that provides for the perpetuation of existing social structures. It can also and has been the cause of much positive change. In this irony of a duality of roles lie specific examples of how these can occur. An example of this occurs in the recently discussed situation of domestic violence. Following an incident, any incident, the police are typically the ones called to address the situation which, according to some view domestic disturbance calls frustrating because they feel they are â€Å"fighting crime†. Additionally, these types of calls can be among the most dangerous due to the unknown risks and the possibility to the police becoming involved with a very emotional perpetrator who may have the perspective that the police are ‘invading the sanctity of his home’ (Belknap 2001, p. 292). On arrival, police may find a situation for which they are untrained to deal in the case that skills such as mediation may be required. Additionally, many calls for assistance are made to prevent or in anticipation of a ‘situation’. If the police defuse the situation by their presence, the situation still exists when they leave†¦ it has only been deferred (Belknap 2001, p. 293). If the police are potentially unprepared to deal with a situation, the courts represent an additional layer of structure that imposes constraints on behaviors. For example, there is a good chance that a matter may not even go to judgment due to either plea bargaining or the defendants refusal to prosecute, sometimes to fear of retribution, sometime with false hopes but always in denial of the sequence of events that has begun (Belknap 2001, p. 294). Another component is the ‘system’ of the courts that merits identification is that of sentencing in cases in which women are offenders rather than being the victims. Though part of the reason the women’s prison population is far smaller than that of men is that far fewer women commit crimes. Despite this, with regards to sentencing for similar crimes, 20% of men convicted go to prison whereas only 5% of women do (Heidensohn 1997, p. 503). One reason for this is postulated to be that of â€Å"chivalry†. This phenomena is marked by the application of stereotypical, broadly-held and socially reinforced belief that one should ‘be nice’ to women (Heidensohn 1997, pp. 503-504). Of final note with regards to the idea of factors within the system that affect the issue of crime and gender are the patterns of employment of women within the ‘system’. In terms of women who are employed either in law enforcement or in the prison system, there are firstly comparatively few with women occupying 9% of police positions, 11.5% of corrections facilities and 20% of attorneys (Belknap 2001, pp. 357-358). This is again reflective a social system that reflects male dominance and a continuing male perspective that is, slowly, adapting to the influence of feminism. Field Perspective A Short Experimental Inquiry into Current Perceptions about Women Violent Crime To test for statistically significant variances with regards to perception of crime, a short survey (Appendix A) was administered to a group of 44 students comprised on 22 males and 22 females. Respondents were asked to read two brief crime scenarios and then recommend a sentence for the perpetrator. The two scenarios were identical with the exception that one involved bodily harm. The results of this survey indicated virtually indistinguishable responses with regards to gender with either case. Despite this, both male and female responders were significantly more likely to sentence more harshly the perpetrator who involved the use of bodily harm by an average of approximately 4.5 months. Utilizing a 2-tailed test, this was significant at the plonger sentence (H0 = sentenceA B) and not just simply a different sentence. With this in mind, the results were significant at the weaker p,0.10 level, a result that would likely change were the sample size larger. The Verdict Moving Forward with Facts†¦ and assumptions While the above experiment did not clearly showing gender differences that might have been expected, it is important to keep in mind that the crime involved property, a likely neutral proposition for which shared social