Effects of the Differences in Tax Systems

Of late, differences in the tax systems between countries have been a subject of debate and have occupied center stage in most forums. Due to this, we shall now focus on the various effects that have been generated by these differences. Notably, the essay will focus on Japan whose corporate tax rate is the second highest in the world. Disparities in the taxation systems between countries give the multinational companies an opportunity to interfere with their transfer prices.For instance, a business man in Japan may chose to understate his sales revenue which is originating from an affiliate in a low tax country while at the same time overstate his purchases from the low tax country (Carroll, 20050). By so doing, the businessman will have shifted most of his reported profits to the low tax countries which will further translate into a reduction of the tax liability or will have participated in tax evasion.Also, the disparities in the tax systems across countries encourage some multina tional companies to report disproportionate profits to the low tax countries. In line with this, reports have shown that over 70% of countries with non U. S profits earned by U. S multinational firms are normally taxed at an effective tax rate of below 10%. Precisely, Japan has an effective tax rate of 2. 5%. In addition; the differences in the tax systems between countries give room for corruption (Carroll, 20050).This is in most cases initiated by the tax officials who normally take advantage of the tax payers who are not aware of the procedures to be followed in tax administration. The differences in tax systems have also created an avenue for tax bureaucracy. This normally arise when the disgruntled, low salaried tax officials play a role in protecting the tax evaders who in turn avail some percentage of the tax evaded to them. This was the case in Japan back in 1993 when there was the tax evasion scandal involving Kanemaru Shin.At this point, it is worth concluding with an opin ion that numerous measures need to be undertaken to eliminate the negative effects of the difference in tax systems. For instance, countries should standardize the procedures which will make the tax systems to be more transparent and will enhance the integrity of the same (Carroll, 20050). Finally, the tax systems should introduce incentive reforms like the salary incentives which will definitely go a long way in eradicating the corrupt behavior of tax officials.

History of Art Therapy

Art therapy is an effective form of self expression and is now considered to be a viable psychological tool in resolving inner conflicts, and   particularly helps   in the rehabilitation of emotionally disturbed or mentally ill patients.Through the arts, thoughts,   feelings, and needs are communicated. It must be known that the cornerstone of this mode of therapy is psychoanalysis, which will be explored in detail below.Art therapy has been supplementing the psychotherapeutic programs in the hospital settings.   It is now widely used in psychiatric hospitals and rehabilitation centers, and, is practiced by qualified art therapists or by psychologists. But when and how did it begin?To begin to understand the discipline of psychology, and the role psychoanalysis played in the practice of psychotherapy in general, it is noteworthy to mention that while psychoanalysis and psychology have a common background in nineteenth century science,   they were independent of one another for a number of years because of their differences in focus or interests.Psychology was looking at sensation, perception, memory and thinking – all elements and processes of consciousness.Whereas, psychoanalysis focused on the unconscious – motivation, emotion, conflict, neurotic symptoms, dreams and character traits. Following World War II, and perhaps, due to the demands of the time, the gap between the two disciplines began to diminish, and thanks to the opportunity offered   to psychologists to train in psychoanalysis   (Hall & Lindzey, 1978).While the arts as a form of human expression have been around for thousands of years, the merger of psychotherapy and arts therapy was realized in   the 1940's during the World War II.   Adrian Hill, a professional artist, coined the term â€Å"art therapy.†Ã‚   Hill   turned to his art for his own therapy while he was recovering in a   health sanitarium for tuberculosis patients.He later had the chance to i ntroduce painting to other patients. He found out that, not only did the patients found satisfaction in their work, but they were able to use it to reveal their repressed feelings   and   trauma of the war (Borowsky,1984).It was Edith Kramer who made observations on the importance of art for traumatized children. In the late 1930s, Kramer has worked with children of refugees from Nazi, Germany, and she has observed firsthand, how the children responded to stress.The artwork of these children revealed patterns of unresolved conflicts, regression and even aggression . It must be remembered that these children   have seen the horrible damage done by Hitler (Kramer, 1971).Kramer emphasized that art expression is an emotional journey toward self-discovery.   In her approach, art as a process is a catharsis. Recreating scenes and images from one's   past traumatic experience   helps bring the unconscious conflicts unto consciousness, and once catharsis is experienced, relief a nd positive change follows (Moreno, 1946).The concept of catharsis is associated with the early psychodynamic theories.   Catharsis is defined by the American Psychological Association (2007) as â€Å"the discharge of affects connected to traumatic events that had been repressed by bringing these events back into consciousness and reexperiencing them (p. 153). In this approach, painful experiences are released in therapy, by reliving the suppressed emotions.   Its curative effect is seen in various forms – religion, medicine, literature,   theater and the arts.Margaret Naumberg founded the Walden School in New York City in 1915. She believed that children best learn and develop when they are encouraged to express themselves through creative pursuits.She just knew that art is a window to the subconscious mind, and the therapist can best understand the difficulties one is going through by utilizing art as a tool of expression. For her, what is important is what one is co nsciously or unconsciously expressing through his artwork.Theories of Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, and the other psychoanalytic thinkers of the time seemed to have been of great influence to Naumberg's approach to art therapy. The idea that art could be used to enhance diagnosis encouraged not only Naumberg but other early practitioners to study these images and their meanings. Diagnostic drawing and protocols were later developed that led art therapy onto its clinical direction.Jung believed in the healing power of imagination and creativity. He gave   importance to archetypal symbols, and   even encouraged his patients to fantasize and to explore (Feder, 1981).It must be recalled, archetypes are thought forms that create image that correspond to normal waking life, such as an image of a mother figure, that is then identified with the actual mother. Jung pointed out that feelings are explored through a variety of ways. Flow of images are represented in drawing, painting, sculpture , music and movement .Meanwhile, Freud provided the foundation for understanding psychoanalytic processes when he discussed much about symbols in dreams through his writings.Freud believed that   dreams are predominantly visual. However, much of the dream experience is lost in the interpretation of these images into words. He believed that patients could best draw an image, what they were unable to describe in writing (Feder).Naumberg came to realize through their theories that art expression is a technique that has the innate capacity to unavel repressed material, much like verbal therapy. She recognized that one's unconscious feelings and thoughts are best expressed in images than in words. Also, to further illustrate its parallelism to psychoanalysis, take for instance the created images in artworks.These are seen as external symbols of one's thoughts and a skilled therapist could best use these images to elicit feelings, much like the idea of transference.   Integrative tran sformation   or healing is made possible when this experience is made part of an art therapy session.The concept of transference is the cornerstone of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis which originated with Freud.   Simply, transference is reacting to a person in the present as though he or she were a person in one's past. Freud opined that during therapy sessions, patients were unconsciously â€Å"transferring† the feelings and attitudes they had toward early significant figures onto their   therapist.Since then, he knew that the â€Å"transferential† relationship between the patient and the therapist is actually the curative element in psychoanalysis.

Winnie-the-Pooh

Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin. Christopher's toys also lent their names to most of the other characters, except for Owl and Rabbit, as well as the Gopher character, who was added in the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is now on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York. [2] Harry Colebourne and Winnie, 1914 Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear which he often saw at London Zoo, and â€Å"Pooh†, a swan they had met while on holiday. The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for $20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River, Ontario, Canada, while en route to England during the First World War. He named the bear â€Å"Winnie† after his hometown in Winnipeg, Manitoba. â€Å"Winnie† was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner, and gained unofficial recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot. Colebourne left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo, as she had become a much loved attraction there. [3] Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young. In the first chapter of Winnie-the-Pooh, Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often called simply â€Å"Pooh†: â€Å"But his arms were so stiff †¦ they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think — but I am not sure — that that is why he is always called Pooh. † Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest, Sussex, England. The forest is a large area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles (50 km) south of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm, near Hartfield. According to Christopher Milne, while his father continued to live in London â€Å"†¦ he four of us—he, his wife, his son and his son's nanny—would pile into a large blue, chauffeur-driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer. † [4] From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of alders that fringed the River Medway, beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally â€Å"above them, in the faraway distance, crowning the view, was a bare hilltop. In the center of this hilltop was a clump of pines. † Most of his father's visits to the forest at this time were, he noted, family expeditions on foot â€Å"to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian†. Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it â€Å"the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival†. Many locations in the stories can be linked to real places in and around the forest. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography: â€Å"Pooh’s forest and Ashdown Forest are identical†. For example, the fictional â€Å"Hundred Acre Wood† was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood; Galleon's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill's Lap, while a clump of trees just north of Gill's Lap became Christopher Robin's The Enchanted Place because no-one had ever been able to count whether there were sixty-three or sixty-four trees in the circle. [5] The landscapes depicted in E. H.  Shepard’s illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh books are directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest, with its high, open heathlands of heather, gorse, bracken and silver birch punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees. In many cases Shepard's illustrations can be matched to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic license. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are on display at the V&A Museum in London. The game of Poohsticks was originally played by Christopher Milne on a footbridge across a tributary of the River Medway in Posingford Wood, close to Cotchford Farm. It is traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in nearby woodland. When the footbridge required replacement in recent times the engineer designed a new structure based closely on the drawings by E. H. Shepard of the bridge in the original books, as the bridge did not originally appear as the artist drew it. An information board at the bridge describes how to play the game. First publication Winnie-the-Pooh's debut in the 24 December 1925 London Evening News There are three claimants, depending on the precise question posed. Christopher Robin's teddy bear, Edward, made his character debut in a poem called â€Å"Teddy Bear† in Milne's book of children's verse When We Were Very Young (6 November 1924) although his true first appearance was within the 13 February 1924 edition of Punch magazine which contained the same poem along with other stories by Milne and Shepard. Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper The Evening News. It was illustrated by J. H. Dowd. [6] The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie-the-Pooh. The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book, and at the very beginning it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had simply been renamed by the boy. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, Methuen, in England, and E. P. Dutton in the United States.

Analysis of Chief Elements of Eat2Eat's Strategy Case Study

Analysis of Chief Elements of Eat2Eat's Strategy - Case Study Example The five tasks of strategic management include 1. Developing the mission and vision, 2. Developing objectives, 3. Developing Strategy, 4. Implementing Strategy and 5. Evaluating Performance and improving Strategy (Chenata, 18). Aggarwal rates low because Aggarwal has not been able to develop a feasible mission and vision statement for the company. Right now, he has no objectives for the firm which would have been developed keeping in mind the vision and mission of the company. Since there are no objectives in Agarwal’s mind, the company lacks a strategic vision. When a company does not have a proper mission and vision, it risks its chances of going off-track. 2. Is Aggarwal’s present strategic vision for Eat2Eat different from the one he had when he originally founded it?   When Aggarwal first founded the company, he wanted to open up an internet chain that would work on the same track as that of online hotel and airline Ticket Company, just that the company would foc us on restaurant bookings. Even though Aggarwal has not developed a mission and vision statement, the strategic vision has remained the same. While Aggarwal has expanded his reach to new countries and taken on promoting restaurants through website advertising, the company still earns a majority of its revenues through restaurant booking. 3. What are the chief elements of Eat2Eat’s business model? How does the company generate revenues? What are the primary cost drivers? How does it deliver value to customers?   The chief elements of Eat2Eat’s business model include an online service that is yet to have direct competition. The organization is able to generate revenues through three channels. These include its main revenue-generating area which is online booking of restaurants; advertising for restaurants on the website; and credit card companies that build an alliance with the company. The company has also been able to cover a wide geographical area in a relatively sh ort time span. The primary cost drivers for the company include travelling expenses that the CEO incurs while contacting new partners. It also includes salaries paid to employees and maintaining the website. It delivers value to its customers by providing a myriad of restaurant choices to book form and also by giving reviews about these restaurants that are written by the CEO himself and are objective in nature. 4. What are the chief elements of Eat2Eat s strategy? Which of the five generic strategies discussed in Chapter 5 is Eat2Eat pursuing? Has Eat2Eat s strategy evolved since it was originally conceived?   Strategies adopted by organizations all over the world have been generally categorized into five generic strategies. These include best cost provider strategy, focused low-cost strategy, focused differentiation strategy, broad differentiation strategy and low-cost provider strategy (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble and Jain, 138).  

Criminal Procedure Variation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedure Variation - Essay Example "1. The punishment cannot be invariably disproportionate to the crime. Applying this principle in Coker v. Georgia, the Court held that the death penalty was grossly disproportionate to the crime of rape of an adult woman. 2. The statute should be carefully drafted to ensure adequate information and guidance to the sentencing authority. For example, the Court struck down the death penalty statute in Lockett v. Ohio because it improperly limited the range of mitigating circumstances available for consideration. 6. Appellate review by a court of statewide jurisdiction should be available. Although Georgia's scheme of proportionality review may not be required, the system must guard against sentences wantonly or capriciously imposed."( http://www.law.ua.edu/colquitt/crimmain/crimmisc/colquitt.htm) After the passing of this law, starting in 1983, Alabama has executed 34 people in the history of its death sentence program. Four people were killed in the first 9 months of the year 2005 alone (http://blogs.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/archive/2005/09/).

Emotional experience Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emotional experience - Article Example The social and psychological impacts of this enormous advancement of technology are points of debate from the very beginning, and therefore considerable research has been devoted to find out the truth and balance between the extraordinary fruit of technology, mental dilemma regarding acceptability of the less worse in comparison to the worst (Verberg et al, 2008, 2050-2055) so the best possible outcomes can be delivered to the clients who are now consumers with great financial stakes (Smeenk et al., 2001, 1420-1423). It has been already cited in the literature that emotional components in IVF irrespective of a successful outcome are very intense, and emotional components of the participants often influence outcomes (de Klerk et al., 2003, xviii47-xviii48). Added to it, the resultant gloom, grief, and depression in the couple from a miscarriage would further make the outcome precarious in the next attempt (Brady et al., 2008, 186-190). Knowledge in this area is a necessity since it is often invisible, and the practitioner must consider these effects with a priority, since overlooking these is unethical and unprofessional, leading to a situation of unaccountability. There is evidence of adverse emotional experiences in such patients; however, the questions how far and how much intense and important these are need to be answered in order to address the gap in research and to design an intervention (Cumming et al., 2007, 1138-1145). Evidence from literature will be sought to design a methodology tha t can address these questions, and validity and reliability of these methods will be sought. A proposal for data collection will be made, and prospective synthesis of the findings will be undertaken so the utility for practice can be determined. Brief Literature Review A literature review with the key words, "in vitro fertilisation", "miscarriage", "emotional experience", "psychological stress", "assisted conception", "assisted reproduction" and "United Kingdom" was conducted from appropriate databases, and research articles were located. The initial articles were narrowed down to combine key words, and ultimately 5 studies were selected for review. The findings are presented below. Although not recent, the study by Mahlstedt et al. highlights the basic tenets of the emotional experience of the couples undergoing IVF. The aim of the study was to undertake a self-administered questionnaire study for a period of 6 months on 94 IVF and embryo transfer patients with the objectives of acknowledging their emotional states and of developing strategies for providing emotional support. This study revealed that 77% of the participants reported that they perceive the loss of control as the most stressful dimension leading to feelings of vulnerability and intense stress. Aside from these they reported a wide range of emotions during a brief period of time. This emotional strain was a major factor of consideration when the decision about a repeat procedure

Change into a blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Change into a blog - Essay Example The findings are based on the research â€Å"at the USC Keck School of Medicine and University College London.† 55 healthy individuals were compared with 32 GERD patients. The result is GERD patients have more problems in voice frequency and amplitude. Here is the extract from the research report: â€Å"Sixteen of the GERD patients underwent surgery to treat the condition, and those people experienced improvements in voice quality---including those patients who didnt complain of voice problems prior to surgery. Poor voice quality could be among the reasons why people with GERD score lower on quality of life measures.† But the reader should be aware of one important factor related to any scientific research and its limitations. The present research findings are not the final verdict on the subject of â€Å"heartburn or gastrointestinal reflux disease.† Moreover, the present research is based on the representative sample of 55 healthy individuals and 32 GERD patients. This is just a small fraction of millions of patients suffering from this disease all over the world. Moreover, no one knows the exact causes for this condition. Some of the causes could be use of alcohol, cigarettes, slouching, medications, diet like eating large meals, eating just before bedtime, diabetes, rapid weight gain and so

Jimi Hendrix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jimi Hendrix - Research Paper Example Considering that he only taught himself to play guitar when he was just a teenager in the quiet town of Seattle. He was influenced by then popular blues guitarist Muddy Waters, Howling Wolf, Buddy Holly, B. B. King as well as rockers Eddie Cochran and Chuck Berry. His style was so original that he mouthed a six-string vocabulary in the tradition of Eddie Van Halen and Prince. Until now, it would be hard to compare a contemporary rock guitarist that would equal the virtuosity of Hendrix. According to the official website of Jimi Hendrix, he was born â€Å" Johnny Allen Hendrix† in November 27, 1942 but was renamed James Marshall by his father James â€Å"Al† Hendrix which was done in memory of his brother Leon Marshall Hendrix ( Hendrix, 1999). Even at an early age, Jimi would use the broom in his make-believe games of playing guitar everytime he was asked by his father to sweep his bedroom. Thus, in the summer of 1958, his father gave him a cheap second-hand acoustic guitar that captivated all his attention and time. He had to pay double attention in reading the notes since he was self-taught. Later, he joined group known as the Velvetones. When he was in high school, he participated in bands which gave him a happy experience before he finally joined the army in 1961. He was discharged later with an injury due to a parachute jump. However, his music days did not stop even when he was He didn’t waste timer getting back into the music scene since by â€Å" By the end of 1965, Jimmy had played with several marquee acts, including Ike and Tina Turner, Sam Cooke, the Isley Brothers, and Little Richard† ( jimihendrix.com) He later formed his own band known as . â€Å"Jimmy James and the Blue Flames† which introduced him to the public as a lead guitarist. His first recorded TV appearance was on Channel 5 of Nashville’s Night Train with the â€Å"Royal Company† as back-up to â€Å"Buddy and Stacy† on â€Å"Shotgun† ( Goldeart and Rodham,21).

History ( global civilization ) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History ( global civilization ) - Term Paper Example Spanish trader in the 1503 also took many Africans as slaves. Bartering of goods produced outside Africa with slaves further increased the trade. The trader used to sell the slave for profits to Americas. Until the 18th century millions Africans were slaved while more than a million died along journey to coast. The removal of Africans made the population of the country decline also the continent face huge poverty issues. On the other hand, European countries wealth resulted from slavery. One of the biggest effects of slavery was rise to racism and differentiation in color. In the 18th century, movement against the slave trade began when Thomas Clarkson took steps to create awareness regarding the cruel act, and subsequently, the House of Lords enacted an Act for the abolition of The Slave Trade (Newman, pp. 23). Lastly, President Thomas Jefferson also signed a bill approved by Congress to prohibit the import of slaves in the United

Leadership Development and Self Awareness Research Paper

Leadership Development and Self Awareness - Research Paper Example This paper highlights  the Army’s existing Army curriculum pushes the most multifaceted subjects to the final stages of a soldier’s learning career. As a result, only some soldiers get an opportunity of expanding their intellectual limits through creative and critical thinking before their field grade experience. Doing business, in such a manner, denies junior level soldiers the opportunity to develop the necessary skills required to excel in the leadership area. The Army has to promote superior learning opportunities to a young soldier’s career in order to develop the essential leadership skills needed to manage the 21st century warfare scenery.From the discussion it is clear that  the education and evaluation methodologies should be modified to replicate the complexities of the current operating environment to encourage a change in the career progression of leaders equipped for the 21st century warfare. In order to achieve this, the Army should adjust its l eader development systems to identify and promote strategic thinking before it is too late.  The Army education system plays a vital role in creating strategic leaders for the logical challenges they might encounter against an equally resolute enemy. However, it does not stress much on the essential factors of creating able leaders who will lead the Army for many generations to come.  Strategic leadership education should offer soldiers options regarding how they might proceed decisively to overcome adversaries that know no limitations or regulations of war.

Effectiveness of the Current Credit Risk Management of Techcombank in Dissertation

Effectiveness of the Current Credit Risk Management of Techcombank in Vietnam - Dissertation Example How significant does the current credit risk management decreases the credit risk of Techcombank? What are the strategies to decrease the credit risk of Techcombank? In order to address this research question, this paper shall measure the credit risk under the previous risk management strategies compared to the credit risk under the current risk management strategies. If the findings indicate that the current credit risk management does not reduce the credit risk of the bank, then the reasons for it shall be analysed. 1.1.3. Statement of Research Hypothesis In this research study the Null hypothesis (H0) will be tested against the alternate hypothesis (H1) in each case. The null hypothesis (H0) states that Techcombank has established effective controls for reducing credit risk occurrence while the alternate hypothesis (H1) states that Techcombank still does not have established controls for effectively reducing its credit risk. 1.1.4. Scope of the Study The scope of this research is restricted to a study of credit risk and credit risk prevention in Techcombank Vietnam. However, in order to be able to critically review the credit risk situation in Techcombank of Vietnam, the research will rely on literature review from various authors about credit risk, credit risk controls and credit risk prevention. 1.2. Research Objectives / Hypotheses The specific objectives of the research are as follows: Analysis and review of credit risk faced by banks Determining Techcombank’s credit risk controls measures Proposing standards for measuring the credit risk in a bank such as Techcombank based on scientific footings 1.2.1. Significance of Study This study will identify the main causes of credit risk for Techcombank before and after the... The paper tells that for many banks, loans are the most obvious and the largest source of credit risk. However, there are other sources of credit risk which include bank acceptances, interbank swaps, bonds, equities, options, guarantees among others. In the modern times, as the economy of the world continues to grow and the effect of globalization continues to impact on economic activities, need for financing by investors has also grown, causing an increase in demand for financial services from banks. With the growth of the world’s economy, the number of people using banking services is also increasing as many people are increasingly appreciating use of bank services to undertake their businesses and day-to-day financial operations. As the number of borrowers requiring financial services from Techcombank Vietnam increases, the number of financial services extended to borrowers in form of loans, guarantees, bank acceptances, trade financing and foreign exchange transactions is also increasing. Techcombank Vietnam can fail in two ways. First, a bank can become insolvent by suffering losses on its assets or investment portfolio, resulting in a depletion of its capital. Second, a bank can be a profitable business operation, but fail because it cannot meet the liquidity demands of its depositors. The greater a banks expected deposit variability, the greater the proportion of liquid assets Techcombank should hold. The dilemma facing banks is reconciling the conflicting goals of solvency and liquidity on the one hand and profitability on the other.

Overseas Volunteer Essay Example for Free

Overseas Volunteer Essay The summer of 1996 was a time of great change for me as an individual. This was the summer that I was fortunate enough to get to spend six weeks as part of a traveling abroad program. These six weeks changed the way I viewed different places, people and cultures. I was lucky enough to experience many different things in many different places. I met many people from interesting cultural backgrounds and learned a lot from them. These six weeks prepared me for many new experiences in life. While traveling, I stayed with different families who were kind enough to take me in. Living with people who had different cultures and sometimes even different languages was a challenge for me since I had never even been out of the United States before this trip. I got to learn how to adapt to new situations by finding inventive ways to communicate with other humans. This was invaluable to me because it forced me to really pay attention to other people and learn about their cultural values through observation. This is a skill that has stayed with me. I have learned to slow down and really listen and observe in order to learn new things and gain new perspective. I was also able to visit many historic sites, landmarks and museums during my travels that I had only read about in books. I was able to apply a picture in a book to the real setting and this was an incredible experience. In these visits I was also able to learn a great deal about the culture in which I had immersed myself. This allowed me a deeper understanding of the people around me. These visits also told me about the rich histories of different groups of people and how they shaped the culture as it is today. In addition, I was able to try new and different foods which only added to my cultural experiences. At the same time, as I was experiencing new cultures I was also able to reflect on my own culture and the importance that it holds in my life. My travels have helped shaped the person I am today. I was forced to learn patience as I was immersed in cultures with different values and languages. I learned how to be creative in finding ways to communicate respectfully. I built my self confidence as I began to realize how capable I was of learning about different cultures in ways other than reading books. I got the opportunity to meet interesting people who helped me understand different ways of life and apply those to my own life. I learned how to be flexible in adapting to new ways of doing things, new ways of communicating and even new ways of eating. I experienced a great deal of personal growth in these travels that will prove invaluable to me in my future accomplishments. Changing lives is a great experience. This sentence sums up why I would like to be a Peace Corps Volunteer. I have a deep desire to change the world by changing the lives of people less fortunate than me. I have been fortunate enough to have access to a high quality education. I have always enjoyed learning and experiencing new things and I would like to pass that on to other people. My college education was only a starting point in my life long learning endeavors. I have a passion for knowledge that has allowed me to reach a point in my life where I wish to give 27 months serving as a volunteer and enriching the lives of people around the world. Habitat for Humanity has given me valuable life skills but more importantly gave me the opportunity to help people less fortunate than me. I have been able to build homes for people and at the same time learn about their individual lives. I have taken my passion for helping others and in the process began to realize how one person can make a great difference. I can be that one person that takes the initiative to make small changes that will eventually lead to big changes. I desire to take this realization and travel the world helping others through small changes. Four years in the workforce has also given me valuable experiences that will enable me to be an effective volunteer. Through working, I have gained leadership skills that will serve me well when working with a team of other volunteers. These leadership skills will help me work cooperatively to make positive changes in the world. I have also gained a clear understanding of globalization outside of the United States and I wish to build on that knowledge through my volunteer work and opportunities I wouldn’t be able to have if I continued working in the corporate world. Working as a volunteer will provide me with international experience and new insights about the world around me. I can learn new values and perspectives that will make me a more well rounded and empathetic person. I will gain new understandings of different people and cultures and be able to apply some of that to how I live my own life. At the same time, I will have a great responsibility to show others my values and teach them new and exciting things about my own culture. Twenty-seven months is a short time in my life but those months will mean big changes in my life that will last long after my time serving as a volunteer is over. My life would be greatly enriched by helping others through small changes. I look forward to the chance to start making small changes right away and watching those small changes turn into big changes that have positive impacts on people around the world.

Investigating Islamophobia in the Daily Mail

Investigating Islamophobia in the Daily Mail Islamophobia is defined in the dictionary as being: hatred or fear of Muslims or of their politics or culture. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th and the London 7/7 bombings amongst others, some say islamophobia within the media has increased significantly. This work intends to discuss the coverage of Muslims and the religion of Islam as a whole within the middle market newspaper The Daily Mail and explore whether publications such as the Mail are representing the Muslim race in a negative light. Ones interest in the subject matter involved is one that has derived from what is seen, amongst others, as bad journalism; middle market and tabloid newspapers inaccurately reporting issues concerning races such as Muslims. On a daily basis one can pick up a newspaper these days and spot numerous flaws, incorrect language or overall representation of a religion such as Islam. Also, a personal affliction or view in the area is the way in which Muslim communities within the UK are slowly being isolated and are being criticised collectively for the actions of a small population of the religion. When exploring the relationship between the modern West and the East, one should look upon the concept of Orientalism. Saids (1978) work draws on the concept of us and them: Orientalism is never far from what Denys Hay has called the idea of Europe, a collective notion identifying us Europeans as against all those non-Europeans (Said, 1978: 7). This notion refers to the historical manufacturing of Eastern beings as alien, the Other, by the West. It is the negative portrayal of extremist Islamic images within frameworks such as the Mail that progresses, as Halliday (1996)(remember reference for this!, see notebook [2]) suggests, this myth of confrontation that pardons the West of any need to excuse its enmity towards the East and religions such as Islam. Before this paper looks at effects of the theory of islamophobia, it is worth evaluating the polarity of the term itself. Whilst some could say the branding of the term can draw attention to the issue for positive means, further comprehensive literature on the subject and enquiries commissioned (e.g. 1997 Runnymede Trust, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All), there is a flipside. Academics have inferred that this is just another, more refined form of new racism according to many sociologists. Sociologist Professor Gerard Delanty describes the use of the term islamophobia: It is rooted in mainstream hostility to migrant workers and asylum-seekers, and is based to a considerable degree on ethnocentrism and xenophobia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ on ignorance and fear of the other' (Delanty: Conference, see notebook for full reference[1]). Delanty is saying here that the categorisation of the idiom of islamophobia could be creating a new form of acceptable racism. The UK media industry is said by some to be institutionally racist: This racism is rooted in the countrys imperial past, with feelings of racial superiority and crude nationalism now deeply embedded in the dominant culture. (Keeble, 2009: 175) 2 per cent of the NUJ membership was black, Asian and Arab in the first media-industry wide survey in 1995 by Anthony Delano and John Henningham. Comparing this alongside the national ethnic minority population percentage of 5.26 percent at the time, and it does speak volumes. My research will include a plan to address this view and explore how far or to what extent this reflects an islamophobic nature within newspapers such as The Daily Mail. However, to discuss how deep rooted this patriotism, or national feeling of superiority over other races goes would be discursive from the intended discussion of the titles topic. The role of a national newspaper such as the Mail needs to be highlighted to display the contextualising link between islamophobia and the public. The fact that a familiar newspaper offers a sense of identity and possible security to its regular readers is an important contextualising factor when considering questions of race and ideology. (Ferguson, 1998:175) Considering middle market newspapers such as The Daily Mail and Express along with the tabloids represent more than two thirds of the national daily readership figures (1997 survey: do footnote for this), this is a first base argument for explaining the negative (potential) effect of the press on the masses. A matter to take in to consideration is the recent resignation of Daily Star journalist Richard Peppiatt, on the grounds of the papers islamophobic content. Albeit a personal letter to the Daily Stars proprietor Richard Desmond, the letter highlights a wide range of anti-Islamic features in the everyday characteristics of national newspapers such as the Star and Mail and labels the former as anti-Muslim propaganda. The letter does refer to how closely the content of the Star is to the Mails through criticism of how the newspapers editors build a newspaper from cut-and-paste-jobs off the Daily Mail website. Where he admits to stirring up a bit of light-hearted Islamophobia himself on the basis that this was in his professional duties at the Star, his disapproval of this demonization is prevalent throughout. He refers to a story the paper published concerning the condemnation of taxpayer-funded Muslim-only public toilets: I was personally tasked with writing a gloating follow-up declaring our postmodern victory in blocking the non-existent Islamic cisterns of evil (Peppiatt, 2011). This could just be seen as one individuals personal attack on a proprietor and therefore not have much worth but it does relate to, and support the theory of institutional racism within the British media. For the proposed intentions of this paper, it is worth noting the presence of Muslims within Britain. In the 2001 UK Census the population of Muslims from all ethnic groups within Britain was just short of 1.6 million (insert reference to table of figures in appendices here). The age old argument from many anti-immigration supporters is that the Muslims within Britain do not attempt to immerse themselves within British culture or our way of life, owing to increased tensions between the two cultures. Figures show that nearly half (46.4%) of all British Muslims now living in England were born in the country. It could be said that those Muslims who came to the country as adults (first generation) are grateful for the chance to live in a more open society and therefore more willing to integrate themselves within our culture. The sooner Western societies such as Britain aid this process of integration with the likes of first generation Muslims, the better. As the younger (3rd and 4th) gen eration of Muslims born in England grows, we could see Muslim communities become increasingly ostracised due to young Muslims anger towards the role of the West in Muslim lands and issues such as islamophobia within the media becoming more customary. It is also worth presenting the PCC editorial guidelines with regards to discrimination: The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to an individuals race, colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability. The second part of the guideline refers to the details of those minority groups and how one should avoid inclusion (of those details) unless necessary to the story. The way in which newspapers such as the Daily Mail steer their content around these guidelines, in order to include xenophobic views will be explored later in the literature review. As this paper explores the surrounding themes of discrimination and false representation within the media and directs them towards the influence of a certain publication, it is important to draw from relevant history of the Daily Mail. Some would say the newspapers prejudice against religions such as Islam is a product of its deep-set DNA shown via the papers sympathetic views of Nazi Germany during the war period. The first joint proprietor and owner Lord Rothermere was known to be a friend and supporter of both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler and praised the Nazi regimes accomplishments, which directed the Mails political stance and was consequently used as propaganda by them. Lord Rothermere published quotes such as: the minor misdeeds of individual Nazis would be submerged by the immense benefits the new regimes already bestowing on Germany (Rothermere, 1933), as well as printing headlines such as Hurrah for the Blackshirts (Mail, Jan 1934). The Mail was also sympathetic to Osw ald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. The support for this group was withdrawn after violence at a BUF rally in Kensington Olympia in 1934, which displays the potential harmful influence of newspapers on the masses. Muslims within Britain have struggled with issues of integration and racism ever since there was an increased focus of attention from the media on the Iranian Revolution of 1979 (Asad 1990, see references in muslim britain book). Television screens across the world showed three million people celebrating on the streets of Tehran when Ayatollah Khomeini, known for his support of hostage takers and his calling for the death of British citizen Salman Rushdie, came out of exile; a disconcerting image for most Westerners. The Salman Rushdie affair in 1989 demonstrated the degree to which the media and British Muslims who protested against the books (The Satanic Verses) publication became emotionally unhinged (Parekh 1992, see same book + ref) over the issue. The book deeply offended Muslims and ignited debate on blasphemy laws and freedom of speech. Other historical events have all played a part in what Huntingtons (1996) thesis describes as a clash of civilisations, these being: The Gulf War (1990-1), the genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1993-6), the Oklahoma bombing (1995), the Taliban in Afghanistan (1997-2002), Grozny and Kosovo (1999), the recent Palestinian Intifada (since September 2000) and the War on Iraq (2003) (Abbas 2005: 14). These events have and the media , some say (Huntington 1996) widened the gulf between East and West, Islam and Christianity and amplified the theory of Orientalism. (maybe do a little on September 11 attacks here) This paper intends to explore and discuss the different factors owing to the islamophobic content displayed in the Mail and how far it is damaging the representation of Muslim communities within Britain. It would be pointless to explain how islamophobic reporting increased or decreased over the past decade or so as it would be plain to see the increases in islamophobic content around the times of terrorist activities. One will analyse contributing factors such as the origins of islamophobia, the identification of islamophobic content, how closely does that content abide by editorial guidelines and the effect on Muslim communities through critical discussion of the topic and data analysis. The reason as to why one thinks this subject is important and would be of interest to others is the increasing multi-cultured population of Britain. As more ethnic minorities such as Muslims continue to live in Britain, increasing tensions towards people of a particular race can only put more strain on an already weak relationship with Muslim communities. The purpose of the paper is to critically evaluate and characterize publications, specifically The Daily Mail and its role in reinforcing or articulating racism, and in damaging ethnic cultural identities. The ways in which these issues are to be addressed and analysed will be explained through my research and its content analysis. Literature review The aim of this chapter is to identify themes relating to the title topic from previous published literature and critically analyse those premises. The intention here is not just to identify those relating themes, but to analyse, criticise, interpret and evaluate those themes in connection with supporting or opposing the underpinning arguments of this paper. Over the past decade or so there is has been an increase in the amount of writing, due to rising concerns from Muslims worldwide, explaining how discourses such as newspapers in Western media are misrepresenting ethnic minorities such as Muslims through presenting a negative image of Islam. My research will however focus on the Daily Mail in particular, portraying negative stereotypes, and the effects those portrayals have, on Muslim communities within Britain. In summary, this chapter will draw from prior literature and examine the complex structures and strategies of news reports and how they affect the interpretations of reade rs. How much does the role of publications such as the Mail play in the reproduction of racial and ethnic inequality in British society. Some of the earliest writing relating to British newspapers such as the Mail portraying Islam as a threat to Western interests comes from Teun van Dijks: Racism and the Press. The issue of immigration within British newspapers is one that allows anti-Muslim voices to be heard, subjectively criticising the rise in the multiculturalism of Britain: The Mail specifically focuses on alleged abuses of British hospitality, and calls for stricter immigration rules. It does not hesitate to publish, with apparent approval, overtly racist statements by right-wing politicians who claim that without further curbs on immigration Britain may become the worlds dustbin. (Van Dijk, 1991: 96) What Van Dijk is inferring is that through government policies concerning issues such as immigration, any right-wing anti-immigration views from politicians or people within the public eye will be published by the Mail with the noticeable support of the paper. Whilst highlighting the political stance and nationalistic nature of the publication, a defence for the paper would revert to free press every time. The earliest and most relevant research in this topic area has also been carried out by Teun Van Dijk. His work in the collection of empirical data surrounding the press and issues of race is a starting point for anybody analysing institutional islamophobic contents effect on British Muslims. Van Dijk started this foundational research in plain content analysis of British newspapers, analysing content such as the repetition of certain words used in headlines in attempt to rouse certain meanings from them. He describes the repetitive use of certain topics of discourse such as black and race and how they are dealt with by the press as semantic macro structures. These global, overall meaning structures of a text consist of a hierarchically arranged set of macro-propositions, which are derived from the meanings (propositions) of the sentences by way of macro-rules. These rules reduce the complex information of the text to its essential gist. (Van Dijk, 1991: 72) Van Dijk is correct in some ways in saying that the prevalence of such vocabulary would suggest that the discursive agenda of newspapers is entrenched in concerns with race. In his book Representing Race, Robert Ferguson agrees there are some uses of Van Dijks research: It would seem from this as though the media are enganged in an endless process of reproducing already existing prejudices and stereotypes. The extensive content analysis which was undertaken by Van Dijk also demonstrated that ethnic minorities and anti-racists are systematically associated with conflict, crime, intolerance and unreliability.' (Ferguson, 1998: 130) The flaws in Van Dijks research are that using empirical data, or strictly content analysis, to develop an understanding of representation can somewhat distort the power of ideology in newspapers text or framing. However, without being blatantly racist, newspapers such as the Mail through concepts of normality can still give strength to negative representations. (Maybe use this paragraph in methods) The detrimental representations of Muslim asylum seekers to Britain, in publications such as the Mail, are highlighted in Arun Kundnanis The End of Tolerance. Phrases such as we have to look after our own people first, a regular idiom in the Mail, gives strength to the inherent belief within Britain that we cannot satisfactorily provide for ourselves, never mind foreigners or them as well. Thanks to the opportunism of media and politicians, asylum seekers and migrants had been made in to potent symbols for the loss of a nation-state that once belonged to its people and afforded them certain privileges as citizens. (Kundnani, 2007: 65) This argument is stating that through newspapers persistence in covering issues of economy and well being, the Mail amongst others, tend to shift the blame of these national problems on to asylum seekers, from communities such as Muslims, for increasing the population and adding to pre-existing problems such as rises in unemployment. The only critique of this concept adding to the misrepresentation and islamophobic nature of the Mail, is that this problem spans over a huge area and is historically embedded within a nations way of thinking. My research aims to uncover the day to day anti-Islamic features of the Mail and expose the problems of intentional or institutional racism that could potentially be fixed. In some ways, previous literature has explained that events such as 9/11 and other Islam related terrorist activities give acceptance to emerging islamophobic voices or views within the media. Chris Allens chapter in Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure, highlights the enabling of publishing extreme right views on terrorists religions without backlash. In the wake of Baroness Thatchers condemnation of Muslim leaders in the Times, insisting that all Muslims as a homogeneous group should share responsibility for the attacks (4 October 2001). The Telegraph days later published an article entitled This War Is not about Terror, Its about Islam (7 October 2001). This article sought not only to praise Baroness Thatchers stance, but also confirm that Western fears were justified because some three-quarters of the worlds migrants in the last decade are said to have been Muslims (these) escapees, victims, scapegoats, malefactors and sleepers are awaiting their moment. (Allen, 2005: 61) Jonathan Birts chapter in Muslims in Britain also agrees with this post 9/11 islamophobic reaction from the press without simply analysing the textual content of a newspaper: After 9/11, the more prejudicial media comment portrayed British Muslim communities, and especially their young men, as a dangerous and unpatriotic fifth column, which were sympathetic to anti-West resistance and, indeed, the use of violent terror. Mass communications today shape and order these Islamophobic moral panics and the reactive defence to them. (Birt, 2009: 217) Here, we can see Birt is agreeing that post terrorist activities, the media is allowed to give a free press voice to racist views and opinions without fear of backlash from media regulators. The defect in analysing the islamophobic nature of publications such as the Mail surrounding terrorist actions is that it is to be expected. There is bound to be a bad press reaction to national identities and religious viewpoints, how far the negative portrayal of those identities goes without trepidation of media regulators punishment, is an issue that needs to be addressed. The British Journalism Review (March 2006) argues that the same harmful representation of Muslims within the media is the same for other terrorist groups such as the IRA. One can see similarities between views of Catholics from Ulster in the 1980s and Muslims today, that religious affiliations trumped all other affiliations: In Britain and the United States the popular line was that if you were a Catholic, you probably supported the IRA. Today, if you are a Muslim, the popular line is that you are probably anti-western or fundamentalist. This is not to say that journalism was and is responsible for these views, but rather that de-contextualised coverage did and does little to throw cold water on old stereotypes. The closest literature relating to the topic title comes from Elizabeth Pooles Reporting Islam: Media Representations of British Muslims. The book analyses the current situation regarding the image of Muslims by tracking the development of this form of new racism from earlier works. Poole says that the theme of immigration as a problem has now transferred to Muslims (van Dijk 1991), due to, as Lueg (1995) says a population explosion in the Middle East. British Muslims and their homogeny to other Muslims become the feared fifth column within (Runnymede Trust 1997). This combined with the discussion of numbers of people invading the country depicts aspirations of taking over the world, not seeking asylum. The combination of the hostile threat and movement of Islam promotes the idea that it needs to be managed in a way that allows varied prejudicial practices to continue (Poole, 2002: 47). What Poole is saying is that a plain dislike of the notion of Islam cannot be seen as the central feature of hostility towards Muslims. Attitudes to Muslims derive from a mixture of xenophobia and racism whereby newspapers such as the Mail can discuss or mainly criticise some of the practices of Islam without being seen to be unashamedly prejudice towards Muslims. Another adjoining piece of literature that many academics have drawn from when discussing this topic, is Edward Saids Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world (1981). Said argues that the siege of the American embassy in Iran in 1981 and its media coverage initiated an increased attention and portrayal of Islam with danger, militancy and anti-Western sentiment. The text examines the genesis and ramifications of the medias monolithic images of Islam and reveals the twisting of fact that underlies objective coverage of the Islamic world. Said says the application of a Western ideological framework or an ethnocentric way of seeing (Dahlgren and Chakrapani 1982: 45) has meant we see a domesticated Islamic world or those aspects considered to be newsworthy (Said 1981: 27). This has created a dichotomy between the West and Islam whereby the West is seen as judicious, civilized, developed and superior, and Islam as abnormal, undeveloped and in ferior. There are a small number of published journals that closely share the intentions of this paper. Diane Frosts Islamophobia: examining casual links between the media and race hate from below (2007) analyses the media reporting on recent and ongoing terrorist attacks in Britain and the effect on Muslim communities. The paper discusses islamophobic tendencies within British tabloids and their connections with government policies and violence that concerns religion. Whilst it highlights the medias promotion of moral panics such as problems of asylum and race, it is saying British tabloids breed on these moral panics, going further than the threat that is actually presented. Thus, the media have represented Muslims as a collective problem who threaten the very fabric of British society as supporters of al-Qaida and potential suicide bombers. They are the folk devils of the twenty first century (Diane Frost 2008 find out how to reference journal). It is worth noting that there are strong links between increased anti-terror legislation and other government measures and the way in which publications such as the Mail criminalise Muslim communities when reporting on such measures and legislation. This type of research will be considered in the methods section of the paper. Ian Hargreaves writes a piece in the New Statesman that demonstrates the negative coverage of immigration from the Mail in relation to fuelling racist attitudes. He says: It is not that I view with cynicism the Daily Mails efforts to achieve balance in its reporting of racial issues. Rather, I think the paper is misguided in discounting the encouragement its asylum coverage gives to racist sentiments (Hargreaves 2000). Reverting back to the theory that newspapers such as the Daily Mail have colonial instincts and an anti-foreigner viewpoint established within its DNA, Hargreaves is trying to say that these publications are not intending to be racist; they simply believe the types of stories concerning Islam being published are due to the public-interest factor. Christopher Allens journal discusses the dangerousness of the concept of Islamophobia in analytical relation with the findings of the Runnymede Trust Report (1997). The reports findings concluded that Islam is inherently seen as other to the West, reinforcing the them and us dualism. Taking this in to consideration, Allen says we should not be surprised to see such headlines as The Daily Mails offering, Fanatics with a death wish: I was born in Britain but I am a Muslim first. Here the Mail is merely reiterating those beliefs that are lodged at the heart of Islamophobia (Allen 2008: 4). The intention of this chapter was to identify underpinning theories, themes and issues published in previous literature in order for readers to understand the intentions of the research and findings that will be developed in the methods and data analysis. Methods and methodology This chapter will discuss the research that this paper will be carrying out, the reasons for using those methods and what results are to be expected. The most appropriate methods will be discussed along with their advantages and limitations, with ethical considerations ensured so that the data is collected in an ethical way. Previous research philosophy approaches to the medias role in the reproduction of racism are mainly content analytical; quantitative studies picking out the use of stereotypical words, phrases or images used when representing ethnic minorities (see, for example, Van Dijk 1991, 1997). This discourse analytical method systematically describes different structures and tactics of text in relation to a social or political framework. The method enables for the identification of focus on certain topics in a semantic analysis form as well as allowing examination of the overall organisation of news reports. Essentially this means discourse may thus be studied as the crucial interface between the social and cognitive dimensions of racism (Cottle 2000). So, publications such as the Mail as a discourse in the social practice of racism can be seen as a main source for peoples racist views/beliefs. According to Berger (1998: 23) content analysts assume that behavioural patterns, values and attitud es found in this material reflect and affect the behaviour, attitudes and values of the people who create the material. The advantages and reason as to why this paper will be adopting a similar style of research is there is no technology or major funds necessary and it has been known to lead to fundamental changes in the practices of an institution, profession and society as a whole. Another method of research that will be employed is that of conducting surveys to gauge the attitudes and opinions of Daily Mail readers on the subject of Islamic and Muslim issues. This will be cross referenced with readers of other newspapers to see if there is differing attitudes toward issues concerning Muslims, and of the role of The Daily Mail in these perceptions from people who read different newspapers. This intends to highlight the negative effect a newspaper has on readers views of a religion such as Islam and the race of Muslim. One could condemn this research method data saying the views of readers are only the views of the reader and not the publication, how far those views are affected by the discourse would be research that is virtually impossible, or not possible within the means of this author. (Explain the inductive approach to research with reference here) For the content analysis of the Daily Mails inciting of racial hatred, the content that will be analysed will be the amount of articles within a time period of 6 months the issue of Islam and Muslims is reported on in a negative manner. Albeit a personal opinion, a list of examples of this negative portrayal type of article is provided in the appendices. These are articles presenting Muslims and the religion of Islam as a problem and their difficulties with conflicting issues within British society. The research will compare the amount of times within a 6 month period these types of articles concerning Islam are presented in the Mail against how many times an article concerning the neo-Nazi anti-Muslim group The English Defence League (EDL) is shown. This will hope to demonstrate a correlation between increased amounts of Islamic coverage at a certain time with articles on/activities of the EDL. With regards to the questionnaires that will be collected, the scope and design need to be established. The scope or amount of participants that the research intends to gather are as follows; 150 readers of The Daily Mail and double that amount, 300 of readers of all other newspapers. As the research method employed to gather this amount of data means standing outside a busy newsagents (W H Smiths in Lime Street Station, Liverpool) and asking people who have bought newspapers to answer a short survey, to attempt to gather any more than that provided would be take a considerable amount of time and effort. As people are normally quite reluctant to take part in surveys due to time constraints the survey will not ask for some of the standard demographic information such as age; gender; nationality; ethnicity; religion etc. The questionnaire will ask what newspaper the participant reads, usually a quick and easy question to answer when the people who I will be asking have just recently bo ught a newspaper from the newsagents and will realise this is what my questionnaire is concerning. The questions will then be presented by me reading the statement and asking their opinion on that statement from a spectrum of answers, these being: strongly agree; agree; neutral; disagree and strongly disagree. This method does not force a yes or no answer that some participants may be reluctant to give considering the invasive nature of the questions. At the same time it could be considered to be avoiding leading questions. Where the participant may realise the questions are intended to produce certain types of generalisations so they would answer accordingly for the purposes of the research, they have some form of choice in which to express their opinions. These two forms of quantitative and qualitative research are used in order to arrive at a degree of triangulation when forming the findings and conclusions of the data collected. The two types of research methods that this paper will be employing will be that of content analysis within a theoretical framework and surveys conducted. The aim is to achieve a form of triangulation in which to infer meanings from when analysing and evaluating the collected data. Data, analysis and discussion Conclusion

Causes of Animal Extinction and Disappearing Species

Causes of Animal Extinction and Disappearing Species Newler argues that, animals become extinct when they die and no longer exist; at that death of the only existing members of the species. Extinction simply means to be away forever. The process takes place over a period of time. A species may be regarded to as functionally extinct before it is fully extinct when only a few of them exist. The existing group is for one reason or another unable to reproduce and propagate the species, hence termed as functionally extinct. The process begins from the time when the death rate is higher than the birthrate. The number of animals then slowly decreases to extinction, (Newler, 102). Newler also adds that in biology extinction is the end of a given species of animals in an ecosystem. Though not documented, scientist believe that 99.9% of the species that have existed before have so far been extinct. A certain species of animals may get extinct because it cannot survive in the changing environmental conditions; allowing only the species that are well adapted to the environment to survive. This shows that there are certain natural factors within the environment that causes extinction, (Newler, 102). According to Manwel, a number of animals that existed several years ago have since been extinct. These include: tyrannosaurus Rex (extinct 65 million years ago), Stellers sea cow: the defenseless beast (extinct since 1768), Thylacine: the Tasmanian tiger (extinct sine 1936), Quagga: half Zebra, half Horse (extinct since 1883), Irish Deer: the largest deer that ever lived (extinct about 7,700 years ago), Caspian Tiger: the third largest (extinct since 1970), Aurochs: a very large type of cattle (extinct since 1627), Great Auk: largest of all Auks (extinct since 1844), Cave Lion: one of the largest lions ever (extinct since 2,000 years ago) and Dodo: the archetype of extinct species (extinct since late 17th century), (Manwel, 75) Causes of animal extinction Although some cases of animal extinction is attributed to natural factors within the environment, it is however evident that human activities play a very key role in the process. Scientists have studied the human activities that causes immense environmental changes which makes the environment unfit for the existence of a particular species of animals. Since humans have become the dominant species on earth, increase in human activities leads to exploitation of the resources within the environment and leads to emissions that may cause serious climatic changes which reduce the chances of survival of the animals. Some of the causes of extinction include the following. Global warming According to Manwel, there is a close association between global warming and extinction of animal species on earth. Scientist argue that 251 million years ago, life on earth nearly came to an end when there was mass extinction that saw the death of over 90% of all species on earth. This was caused by a volcanic eruption that caused an increase in atmospheric temperatures by 6 oC setting off a greenhouse effect that led to the mass extinction. The greenhouse effect was caused by the emission of carbon dioxide from the volcanic eruption. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere creates greenhouse effect, (Manwel, 77). Ruckler adds that with the increase in human activity and industrial advancements lead to the emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which causes greenhouse effect. As the levels of carbon dioxide increases, the evidence of its effects on the planet becomes more glaring. At present, a number of animal species are at the verge of extinction because of the serious environmental changes cause by global warming. Global warming leads to increase in atmospheric temperatures and reduces the amount of oxygen both in the atmosphere and the water bodies. This greatly affects the existence of animals. For example, when the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is reduced, anaerobic bacteria increases and the number of the other aquatic animals reduces drastically. Global warming also affects migration of animals, hatching of eggs and distribution of animal species in the planet. There is factual evidence that global warming is tied with animal extinction. In Australia for example, White Pos sum is believed to be extinct as a result of global warming. The animal died because it could not withstand the high temperatures, (Ruclker, 56). Overhunting and overfishing According to Raloff, overhunting refers to the harvesting of wild animals beyond the growth rate of the population; such that the total population of the animals gradually reduces. Both overhunting and overfishing reduces that number of animal species. For example, a number of fish species are facing extinction because of overfishing. Overhunting in the high seas has reduced significantly the population of whales, sea turtles, sea cows and other fish species, (Raloff, 23). Most humans hunt for wild animals for their hides and meat. Human encroachment into the forest and new habitat has seen the extinction of animal species. In North America, 11,000 years ago, when people first migrated from Serbia to Alaska, it is thought that some species of animals including the mastodon, mammoth and Saber-toothed tiger became extinct within a few centuries because of hunting and resource exploitation. The effects of global warming are evident from the extinction of a member of the primate group in Ghana and Ivory Coast. The red colobus and the red-checked monkey became extinct from the African forest because overhunting and destruction of its habitat brought about by human inhabitance. Raloff argues that in the past, the extinction of animals such as elephant birds and lemurs in Madagascar, kangaroos in Australia, Moas in New Zealand, herbivores in America are overhunting. Hunting poses major threat to animals and has lead to the increase in the number of endangered species. The most endangered groups of animals in the world today are the mammals and birds. For mammals the main disadvantage they have is that they are big (require more food and water) and reproduce at a slower rate hence they can be easily wiped out through overhunting. Birds are susceptible for overhunting because of their conspicuous nature. This makes the two goops the most endangered groups in the modern world, (Raloff, 23). Habitat degradation Manwel and Mwenda pointed out that most animals live well in given set of condition provided in a given habitat. Habitat degradation means that the conditions are altered making it unsuitable for animal inhabitance; which may cause the extinction of a species of animals, which directly depend on the environment for food and shelter. The environment is changing from time to time in a slow pace. Human activities cause rapid changes in the environment to the disadvantage of animals which are slow to adapt to the fast changing environment. Increase in agriculture, mining, logging and fishing are just but a few human activities that expedite the extinction process through environmental degradation, (Mwenza, 96). Habitat degradation may cause extinction of animal species either directly or indirectly. The industries and farms produce a lot of toxic products. The effects of these products include; reduced reproductive capacity, short life span and reduces that ability of the animals to survive the environmental conditions. The availability of food and shelter from the environment is reduced by habitat destruction. Overpopulation Manwel and mwenda said that overpopulation in animals stiffens the competition for food and shelter. When the population of animals is higher than the carrying capacity of a given ecosystem, there will be a shortage of resources which definitely leads to the death of some animals. Overpopulation leads to overexploitation of the existing resources. When there is overpopulation of predators, the population of the prey reduces to and becomes one of the endangered species. If the increasing population of the predators is not controlled, the prey soon becomes extinct, (Manwel and Mwenda, 29). Conclusion The number of endangered species in animals increases with time. This means that the total population of animals on earth reduces gradually. A number of animal species are now facing extinction. The main causes of extinction can be either natural causes or human activities that affect those animals directly or indirectly. The causes include: global warming, overhunting and overfishing, overpopulation and habitat degradation. The main effects of these factors is that they endanger some animals species. Work cited Manwel, Paula. and Mwenda, J. Earths Endangered Creatures. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1998. Newler, Martin. Disappearing Species. London: McGraw-Hill publishers, 2000. Raloff, Geoffrey. Extinction and Environmental Changes. 2nd Ed. Boston: Allyn Bacon publishers, 2004. Ruckler, Benjamin. Species Disappearing at an Alarming Rate. (3rd Ed.). New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc, 2006.

The Andromeda Strain :: essays research papers

The Andromeda Strain is a fictional book that describes a five-day study of a deadly virus. This book takes place in 1966 in the town of Piedmont, Arizona. Even though the book takes place in 1966, the book seems extremely realistic. Through the five days, they do different tests do learn all about the Andromeda Strain. At times there will be brilliant discoveries, and at times the people will be stupid and ignorant. Overall, the book will keep you guessing of what the people will do. The main character in the book is Jeremy Stone. He is a scientist that goes on the ground to collect the Andromeda Strain, and also runs tests on it. He to has brilliant times, but also at times he doesn’t. He comes up with all different theories about the Andromeda Strain. Towards the end of the book, you learn something about what experiment he did, and he has to make a big decision on whether to use it or not. To find out what he does, all you have to do is read the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I liked how Michael Crichton uses vocabulary in the book. He uses many medical terms and only describes a few of them. But, overall the vocabulary isn’t to bad, especially if someone you know, knows medical terms. I thought the book was really good. I had must of the time, had trouble putting the book down. It is a very good novel if you like diseases and medical theories. At times it isn’t going to be very exciting, but it will pick up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would recommend this book to people who like or enjoy medicine and diseases because that is what it manly talks about. This book is for good readers that like tough vocabulary. Kids under the age of about thirteen shouldn’t read it because the reading is hard and heavy.

Sexual Revolution and Methods of Contraception Essay -- Sex Protection

Sexual Revolution and Methods of Contraception Birth Control and Contraceptives The sexual revolution introduced a whole new idea of controlled births and the use of different forms of birth control. Contraceptives have been used since the time of the ancient Egyptians, but the sexual revolution introduced a whole new form and more efficient way to prevent conception of a child. The use of contraceptives helped control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, lowered the percentage of illegitimate children, and reduced the risk of pregnancy. Even as early as the times of the ancient Greeks, people could tell the difference between abortifacients and contraceptives. During this era, things such as linen condoms, dried fish powder, and seasponges were used as forms of birth control. However, due to the use of technology and science, it has been discovered that some of the old forms of birth control can be considered deadly. Birth control has evolved through time in forms pessaries, plants, intrauterine devices, condoms, birth control pills, barriers, t he ring, and other unusual forms of birth control. Pessaries: Pessaries are vaginal suppositories. Used since ancient times, pessaries are still considered a fairly effective form of birth control. In ancient times, pessaries contained acacia gum which has evolved to spermicide now. One example, dating all the way back to 1850 BC, called the Kahun Papyrus, refers to a pessary of crocodile dung and fermented dough. Today, pessaries usually come in the typical waxy form of suppositories which contain spermicide like nonoxynol-9. The spermicide kills all the sperm so therefore, the egg is unable to be fertilized by the sperm and pregnancy does not occur. ... ...hrough time, birth control has affected society as a whole and changed the lives of the people living in the society of today. The evolution of birth control and contraceptives altered and changed tremendously during the years since the beginning of time. Works Cited - Landeck-Riker, Jennifer. "Ann Rose’s Ultimate Birth Control Links Page." 10 Nov.1997. http://gynpages.com/ultimate/ - McCleskey, Kim. "The History of Contraceptives." 1996. http://rtt.colorado.edu/~mcck/Home.html (This was an excellent source and gives great information about the history of contraceptives.) - Noble, Robert. "There Is No Safe Sex." Newsweek ( April 1, 1991). - Petrick, William. "The Hall Of Contraception." 27 March 1996. http://desires.com/1.6/Sex/Museum/ ( This is where I got all my pictures to illustrate this page.)

Henritta Lacks Paper

The â€Å"immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks† tells a fascinating story of a sample of cells that forever changed the landscape of scientific research. The book tells the story of the family related to Henrietta Lacks. The book touches on the doctor and patient relationship. Henrietta Lacks cells (â€Å"also known as HeLa†) became involved in bringing informed consent to the research field. The patient didn’t always know what the doctor was doing to them. The doctor should always inform the subject of what they are doing and the purpose before the subject can consent.Informed consent is a legal procedure to ensure that a patient or client knows all of the risks and costs involved in a treatment. Up to 1947, the thought of informed consent hadn’t even crossed anyone’s mind. In 1947, the Nuremberg trials were held wherein 7 Nazi scientist were convicted of conducting unthinkable tests on Jewish subjects. This marked the first time informed consent enter ed anyone’s conscience. It still wasn’t law. It was just an ethical code which had no legal bindings.Then ten years later, when scientist Southman was injecting HeLa into patients’ bodies without telling them how dangerous it was and some of them died and an investigation ensued. This caused a division between people and doctors. Some doctors decided against informed consent because it would interfere with their research practices. There was great fear amongst the African American community about doctors kidnapping them and doing all sorts of wild tests on them. There was some truth to these apprehensions.Doctors would regularly test on African Americans with consent. In the book, when the doctors ask Day if they can do an autopsy they didn’t give him the whole details. But that wasn’t the rule back in those times. The problem with explaining the details to people is that they simply wouldn’t understand what the doctor was talking about. The patient had no clue what a cell was. So rather than explain what they were doing in detail they would just tell that it would benefit their children. This is wrong, doctors shouldn’t take the easy way out.They should inform their patients of the extent of their intentions. The doctors would prey on the black community’s ignorance in the medical field. The doctors should have just told them their intentions. In today’s atmosphere, the rights of patients are more protected than they were in the 1950s. Doctors now have a legal and ethical duty to inform patients in all areas. Therefore, more information is available to patients so they are able to make intelligent and informed decisions on their medical treatment and use of their tissue, cells or organs.

Unreliable Memory in Memento

Unreliable retentivity in relic Thesis The whimsical tale organize of the picture and the prevailing role, Leonard Shelby in memento prove that holding is punic. . In William Goldings superior of the F catch ones breaths, Samneric proverb something moving, something large, which in reality was the st whizz-dead body of a parachutist. solitary(prenominal) if in the darkness and turn out of fear, in Samnerics holding, the parachutist became a beast with leathery wings, teeth, and claws. He even claimed that he saw it slinking behind the trees. In this case, Samnerics fund were know by his in the flesh(predicate) feelings fear.Thus computer depot is punic, as it go off be verifyd by personal feelings. Similarly, the leadership role of Memento, Leonard Shelbys retentivity is also manipulated by his personal feelings. Leonard distorts his retentivity due(p) to his desire to go out and despatch the unity and only murderer of his married woman. In the follow ing, I am going to prove storehouse is unreliable through and through the unique tale expression and Leonard Shelby, the leading role of the film. Memento, the accounting qualitys a man c alled Leonard Shelby, who has anterograde memory loss, a put out that caused his brain to be unavailing to store new memories.From Leonards memory, the trouble was a result from a surr culminati whizzr caused by the rapist murderer of his married woman. From consequently on, Leonards life is all about purpose the cardinal and only murderer of his wife and position him killed in order to take avenge. Firstly, it is the unique news report structure. The films events unfold in dickens go against, alternating narratives one in illusion, and the new(prenominal) in black-and-white. The black-and-white sections are told in chronological order, beginning by demo Leonard conversing with an anonymous caller in a motel room.Leonards actual investigation is sh suffer in color sequences th at are in turnabout order. By the end of the film, when the two narratives converge, revealing the investigation and events that lead up to Leonards friend, Teddys death. The narrative structure is literally a memory test that the director of Memento, Christopher Nolan gives to the informant. As individually color sequence begins, the audience is unwitting of the preceding events, well(p) comparable Leonard, talent the attestor a sense of his confusion.With the structure arranged in this alternating and reverse way, the confused viewer would be lost, in a way that they have no clue where the story is heading. At the end of the film, which chronologically is the offset printing sequence, would only get out the viewer to a greater extent question marks. Therefore, the narrative structure of the film, which is also the memory test, proves gentleman memory is unreliable. For relying only on memory, the viewer brush aside non group all the puzzles the reverse chronological m oving pictures together and have a luxuriant understanding of the events.Confusion is brought on by unreliable memories. As time goes, memory fades, establish on this principle that everyone knows and even experiences, Nolan first gives this memory test to let the viewer a firsthand experience that memory is unreliable. Zigzagging through the two separate and yet related narratives, Nolan brings out memory is unreliable not only due to physical reasons, but also genial ones. The black-and-white sequence is indeed the story of Leonard, a former insurance investigator, say the story of one of his claimants, Sammy Jankis before his injury.Jankis, just like Leonard, appeared to have anterograde amnesia aft(prenominal) a elevator car accident. Leonard explains how Jankiss diabetic wife tested Jankis to see if he in truth had a memory pain or just faking to claim damage insurance, by repeatedly requesting insulin injections from him. She is desperately hoping that Sammy did not h ave a memory disorder and would remember the previous injection. As a result, she died from an insulin overdose from Jankis. While the viewer is pose why Leonard remembers Jankis so vividly, Nolan reveals a collimate story of Leonard.Because of Leonards condition and his denial of perhaps killing his wife by overdosing her with insulin, he might have made up a different scenario in his mind. He constructed a rape-murder scenario for his wifes death. He alienated his killing his wife by inventing Sammy Jankis, memorizing it as a separate event. He altered his memory to lessen his sin. At the end of the film, Leonard confronts his memory and says,Do I lie to myself to be happy? yes, I will. This narration conveys that emory potbelly be proficient of flaws, it butt be misrepresent by personal feelings, it sewer be compoundd by ones desire, that memory can be no to a greater extent than a tool of self-deception. Secondly, through the leading role of Memento, Leonard Shelbys verbal expression, condition, tattoos and flashbacks, Nolan proves to the viewer that memory is unreliable. Leonards lines point right away at memory is unreliable. In the film Leonard said, Memorys not that perfect. Its not even that good. , Memory can transmit the shape of a room it can change the color of a car. And memories can be distorted.Theyre just an interpretation, theyre not a record, and theyre irrelevant when you have the circumstances. Leonard stresses that memory is not good. Through Leonards lines, the film emphasizes that, memory is unreliable because theyre just an interpretation. Then moving on to Leonards condition, anterograde amnesia is the world-shattering feature of Leonard and it is also the heart of the film. Since Leonard has this disorder that he cannot form new memories, everything fades, memory is by all odds unreliable for him. For the viewer, being put into Leonards shoes, unbekn receive(predicate) to the preceding events, memory is unreliable as well.Again, Leonards memory problem has directly pointed at memory is unreliable. Leonards tattoos is also a significant feature of Leonard. In order to find his wifes murderer, Leonard relies on notes and annotated Polaroid pictures. But for vital study which he believes would lead him to the murderer, he tattoos that piece of information on his body instead of indite on a piece of idea because of his inability to form new memories. In one flick, Leonard gets a tattoo of the murderers endorse dwelling number, relying on his memory, he has fake an I for a 1.Now this clue has really changed because of his unreliable memory. It tells us not to go for Leonards believe-to-be-true points, memory can indeed manipulate everything. As Leonard puts it, Memory can change the shape of a room it can change the color of a car Theyre just an interpretation, theyre not a record. Also, check to Leonards tattoo, the name of the murderer is John G. At the beginning of the film, which ch ronologically is the last sequence, Leonard does succeed and kill one John Edward Gammell, whose moniker is Teddy.Leonard says he would remember he had killed that one and only murderer even with his condition, because that excitement of revenge would remain. However, at the end of the film (which should be the beginning of the story), reveals that Teddy is just one of the few John G. s that Leonard has killed. It turns out by and by Leonard has killed a John G, he copies Teddys license plate number and gets it tattooed on his body annotating that is the license plate number of the murderer, making Teddy(John Edward Gammell) his John G, for the saki of his meaning of survival.Memory can manipulate, and at the identical time, be manipulated. Leonard, in order to get together his goal and his desire of taking revenge, he lets his memory be manipulated by his personal feelings, and keeps on killing more and more John G. s. Furthermore, there are a few of Leonards flashbacks throu ghout the film, one is preparing an insulin injection, one is his staying in a sanatorium (instead of Sammy Jankis does after he accidently killed his wife).The more significant flashback is of Leonards wife waking up, opening her eyes, but if it is play backwards, it is very much like his wife is going into a coma. Leonard also recalls the scene that his wife crying out, Ouch when he executes the insulin shot. However, the fact is Leonard manufactured Sammy Jankis in order to abnegate being the murderer of his wife. So, when he recalls that injecting scene from memory, administrating insulin has become pinching his wifes thigh. There are actually quite a lot of Leonards flashbacks fine-looking proof that Leonard himself is the murderer of his wife, but it is distinctly that Leonard wants to lessen his sense of guilt, so he distorts his memory, it shows that memory can in fact be changed to satisfy oneself, memory can be reconstructed. To conclude, He took away mymemory. He destr oyed my ability to live. Just like Leonard, humans in general concede memory is one of the abilities that help us to live, however it is not a must that this ability is reliable, in fact memory practically cannot be trusted.From Mementos unique narrative structure, a certain memory test definitely created a certain degree of confusion to the viewer. It is unaccepted for humans to have everything well organise merely by memory. The facts in ones memory can be rebuilt, as Leonard says,Do I lie to myself to be happy? yes, I will. Memory can easily be manipulated by ones personal feelings. In Leonards case, his memory is manipulated by his guilt he uses his memory as a tool to cloud the fact that he killed his wife because of his lack-of-short-term memory disorder.Leonards lines, physical problem, tattoos and his flashbacks all are important proofs of Leonard is the murderer of his own wife, which Leonard does not want to admit. From the beginning, his true antecedent of findin g that rapist murderer is only for his own satisfaction, finding his goal of life, and more importantly, for lessening his guilt. That is why being unbeknown(predicate) that he does it on purpose or unintentionally Leonard distorts his memory and reconstructs it and in the film.Now the distorted memory became reality for Leonard, and the facts change correspond to his reconstruction. We can see that memory can also manipulate at the corresponding time, memories can be distorted. Theyre just an interpretation, theyre not an record. The unique narrative structure and Leonard Shelby, the leading role of Memento, have proved that memory is no more than an interpretation after all. For memory can be distorted and manipulated out of ones own satisfaction and desire. Memory is not facts, it cannot unendingly be trusted. Memory is unreliable two physically and mentally.

Indian It Industry by Ipott Essay

The Indian softw atomic number 18 product exports, as is well known, have whacking from little than $100 million in the lead 1990 to over $5 billion in 2000. What is non well known is that tax revenue per person per year has grown from less than $20,000 to over $50,000 in well-nigh large companies in the last five years. This is not simply due to inflation. though the industry is still focused on tapping the huge software go market, most of the big players have moved from tear down treasure services to higher value services.In the early days, the service was in the main providing technical manpower, which later moved to providing low-value services like coding and testing. Now Indian companies are operating even at the top end of the spectrum in cost of technology (Corba, Java, E-commerce, etc.) or the services (complete traffic solutions, consultancy, strategy, etc.). The high rates they command is an extension of the perceived value in the eye of the customer of the s ervices they provide.The amazing business relationship of the Indian software industry has transmit far and wide. Not only the certain countries but also other countries are equally impressed by the public presentation of the industry. From the presentations that representatives of various Asian and Latin American countries made in a new-fashioned workshop in China on IT industry in developing countries, it is simply clear that many developing countries forthwith want to copy the Indian advantage story. Within India, however, many people pertain to view the industrys victory with a mixture of admiration and skepticism. at that place is a lingering fear or doubt in the minds of many intimately whether the industry is inherently strong or is it just tapping a window of opportunity which get out soon be tapped by other Asian countries with large universe and better infrastructure. Given the state of about everything else in the country, such doubts are not unreasonable. However, India Software Inc has developed some unfaltering strengths that will continue to serve it well, and which will not be easy to emulate by others.We at iPOTT (www.ipott.com) initiated a SWOT, forum teaching and opinion from the market. The summed up information is very beneficial for the understanding of the Indian SOFTWARE MARKET.

Beloved on Slavery

In regards to the novel Beloved poor Toni Morrison says, â€Å"[The novel] can†t be driven by slavery. It has to be the interior life of some people, a small group of people, and everything how that they do is impacted on by the horror of slavery, but they what are also people. † Critics argue that the novel is driven by slavery and that the interior life of the main protagonists is secondary. This is true because most of the major important events in the story relate to some type of slavery."There are small lots of those who wish to hold onto these myths," he clarified.At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. old Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr.That having been said, it was very much market and big business driven.

they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. heavenly Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". .The electorate ought to be aware of the way they do this.â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive how are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns honey Sweet Home into a real slave plantation.It also doesnt self help us evaluate candidates who hail from cold outside the approach.

She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain wired and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute part she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave bird catchers will do anything to bring back poor fugitive slaves and that dead slaves how are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into how her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him.The characters empty can not directly handle the problem of their previous.Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only negative affect Sethe, but it changes things good for Beloved and Denver as well. dearly Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own dear mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery.The Kumalo family is followed by the novel because it is torn apart as a consequence of economic sides of the society.

I will never run from another thing on how this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when how she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to well Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved.The how lovely girl has gone, states Kamar.2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish angeles long term relationships because he is still hurting extract from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. young Schoolteacher also takes his pride and young manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit.Paul D compares himself to a chicken.Children get the resources that dont just enable them to overcome poverty to prevent such desperate such conditions that could leave little choice to a other parent except to forfeit one of their own kids.

last Even after he escapes and is a free man, little Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again.In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another.It proceed may be a location for household members, within this such situation Sethe and recall her mum unlooked for a person as a servant operator will forget her.As unlooked for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her ffrench constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak.Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, how she needs to accept what has happened and move on.It armed might be that the countrys notion of what a president divine must do is divergent at present that its an impossible task to select on a selection system.

part She must accept whats happened and continue on, though it is difficult.Things shouldnt how have occurred.This concept is revisited at the conclusion of the book .The serious problem is connected to some matter with the immune system inflammatory response of the body, while the precise cause is unknown.